Interactive Question 7.2 Cite some experimental evidence that indicates that membrane proteins drift. A good form of experimental evidence is Fluorescence Recovery After Photobleaching, aka FRAP. In the FRAP process, membrane proteins are labelled with a green fluorescent protein, and part of the plasma membrane is “bleached” with a laser, causing them to lose their fluorescence. The part that was bleached will eventually become fluorescent again, as molecules drift in by diffusion.…
R.C. 5.9 Mathematics (Mobile Infant) Activity: “Stack Them Up” Materials: Stacking blocks, nesting cups, measuring cups Infants are continually growing in all areas of development. In this activity, the goal is to get the infant to stack their blocks or cups. The teacher would have the child sit on the floor or at a table with their toys.…
The purpose of this experiment is to quantify the air quality and emissions of a local Nacogdoches Tadarida brasiliensis, Brazilian Free-Tailed bat colony. Concentration of ammonia, particulate matter, fungi and bacteria were measured to assess air quality. The guano at the base of the garage was also analyzed for nitrogen and carbon content. The colony briefly lived in the north end of parking garage on East College Street and Raguet Avenue until its untimely removal. The colony could be seen primarily in the upper two floors of the side column.…
The purpose of the cellular metabolism lab is to determine the effects of inhibitors and other variables on the rate of metabolism in the Krebs Cycle. Inhibitors compete with the substrate to bind to the enzyme, thus slowing down the production of FADH2. When the production of FADH2 is slowed down, the reaction will proceed too slowly for metabolic purposes. In this lab, the enzyme that was catalyzing the reaction was the bean extract. To mimic the FAD that is used in the Krebs cycle, we used 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DPIP).…
Photosynthesis creates a proton gradient when pigments in the thylakoid membrane absorb light energy from the sun. The energy is then used to oxidize water which is the initial electron donor, and NADP+ acts as the final electron acceptor.…
One of the important features of the V-ATPase is that it operates with a rotary mechanism to drive proton transport across the membrane of the cell. This is driven by ATP hydrolysis at the nucleotide binding site (subunit A) thus causing the rotation of the central stalk (subunits D and…
In this lab, we should expect changes in the rate of cellular respiration based on the available fuel source in the different seeds. We know that aerobic respiration requires oxygen gas and an organic molecule, and produces carbon dioxide, water, and energy. The goal of cellular respiration is to harvest ATP. However, the carbon dioxide can be measured using a gas sensor. Since we know that more reactants generally equals more products, more organic molecules should result in more carbon dioxide, thus, increasing the rate of cellular respiration.…
The purpose is to excerpt electron and creates more ATP. NAD+ is a type of coenzyme found in all living organisms. Just like cargo trucks carbon dioxide is released into the air as carbon is broken…
The purpose of this EEI is to create and analyse an experiment that relates to and supports the theory of osmosis in biological cells. Cells are the biological building block for all life; all living organisms have cells also. Cells provide structure, absorb nutrients from food and convert those nutrients into energy so that the cell can carry out specialized functions. There are two main categories with most organisms and their cells; prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The distinctive difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes is that eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles, such as the nucleus, while as prokaryotic cells do not.…
The protons that are located in the lumen wish to leave the thylakoid due to the concentration gradient. To do this the protons utilize the ATP synthase enzyme, the movement of protons cause the enzyme to rotate (much like a water wheel) this is favorable because it harnesses the gradient and does not expend energy. and produces. To stimulate the movement protons however, they must pass through a ring of c-subunits which are then pushed to rotate this ring is tightly attached to nucleotide binding sites which when interacting with the stalk that connects them to the c-ring, morph and synthesize ATP, from ADP and Pi. This is unfavorable because the synthesis of ATP is energetically pricey seeing that it has to overcome the electrostatic repulsion of its three phosphate groups, using numerous…
They are made within the nucleolus from 60% RNA and 40% protein, and consist of two subunits, one large and one small. When produced, the subunits stay separate to exit through the nuclear pores: it is only because of their miniscule size that they can fit through. Many ribosomes then bind themselves to the RER, although some stay free in the cytoplasm. Free and bound ribosomes both create polypeptide chains, which are used to make proteins. To create a polypeptide chain the large and small subunits must join together.…
Photosynthesis uses two electron transport chains, energy is by photons, also…
Introduction Photosynthesis is the process in which light energy is converted into chemical energy in plants and other organisms (Reece, 2011). Photosynthesis is a redox reaction where carbon dioxide is reduced to sugar (glucose) and water is oxidized to oxygen (Reece, 2011). The reaction that occurs during photosynthesis is shown through the empirical equation CO2 + H2O → (CH2O)N + O2 (Stegenga, 2015). Photosynthesis occurs in the chloroplasts of plant cells, specifically within the thylakoid and the stroma (Stegenga, 2015).…
Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) is an oxidoreductase found in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. LDH catalyses the formation of lactate and NAD+ from pyruvate and NADH, during the last step of anaerobic glycolysis. The reaction is also catalysed in the other direction by LDH during the Cori cycle. This reaction can be assayed using spectrophotometric techniques; peak absorbance of NADH is at 340nm, but the peak absorbance of NAD+ is 259nm (Powers, et al., 2007). Enzyme assays are performed to measure the rate of an enzyme-catalysed reaction, known as the enzyme activity.…
The regulation of acid and pepsin secretion is associated with a balance of chemo-transmitters delivered to the gastric mucosa by pathways that facilitate stimulation and inhibition. The physiologic stimulation of acid secretion is divided into the cephalic, gastric, and intestinal. The main component of gastric secretion is HCL which is a product of the parietal cells. The parietal cells are epithelial cells that secrete HCL and essential factors. Parietal cells are located in the gastric glands in the lining of the fundus and in the body of the stomach.…