The citric acid cycle generates energy from the oxidation of various fuel molecules to acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA). Acetyl CoA undergoes several redox, hydration and decarboxylation reactions to produce carbon dioxide (CO2), reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), reduced flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2), adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and hydrogen ions. The citric acid cycle links glycolysis which produces pyruvate from glucose and oxidative phosphorylation which generates ATP which is used as energy for metabolic processes. The citric acid cycle is catabolic and anabolic. Fuel molecules are catabolised (broken down) to generate ATP.…
The purpose of the cellular metabolism lab is to determine the effects of inhibitors and other variables on the rate of metabolism in the Krebs Cycle. Inhibitors compete with the substrate to bind to the enzyme, thus slowing down the production of FADH2. When the production of FADH2 is slowed down, the reaction will proceed too slowly for metabolic purposes. In this lab, the enzyme that was catalyzing the reaction was the bean extract. To mimic the FAD that is used in the Krebs cycle, we used 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenol (DPIP).…
lactic acid|5| F. pyruvic acid|2| G. glycolysis|1| H. anaerobic fermentation|3| 6-2: What is the name of this process? _Cellular Respiration __ 6-3: This process is used by cells to manufacture _biochemical energy from nutrients into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and then release waste…
The next reaction, also the last reaction in glycolysis pathway, is another subtrate level phosphorylation reaction, in which Phosphoenolpyruvate interacts with an ADP molecule to form Pyruvate. ATPs were also created. This action was completed using the enzyme pyruvate kinase. This is an exergonic reaction, with the change in energy of -31.4 kJ/mol. This final phosphorylation concluded the glycolysis pathway of extracting energy from Glucose.…
To show how the factor, temperature, has an optimum level that affects the amount of growth in yeast, therefore, the production of carbon dioxide. The main purpose of cellular respiration is to convert glucose (sugar molecules) into ATP energy. Yeasts are single-celled fungi and for them to grow they need water, a food source (glucose), and the right temperature and pH. They are also facultative anaerobe, which means that yeast can respire or ferment depending upon environmental factors. Aerobic respiration will take place if there is oxygen present.…
Oxidative phosphorylation is the aerobic process where carbohydrates, fats, and protein are broken down to produce ATP. On the other hand, glycolysis is an anaerobic process which means it does not use oxygen. This process converts glucose into pyruvate, then converted into acetyl CoA or lactate. If oxygen is not present or a very small amount, the lactic acid cycle begins and three molecules of ATP are produced. The end to this process causes soreness and fatigue.…
An experiment was performed to analyze the effects of heat shock in yeast called Saccharomyces cerevisiae, to assess the hypothesis that yeast extracts up-regulate gene expression during heat shock the same way bacteria cells up-regulate gene expression during heat shock. In bacteria cells, heat shock causes the bacteria to up-regulate gene expression and produce more proteins. Similarly, gene expression and protein production increases in yeast during heat shock. Therefore, the experiment was conducted to test the expression of a particular gene, called HSP 30, in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae), grown in liquid culture. Yeast strains with GFP-tagged transgenes were used.…
I. INTRODUCTION Did you know that yeast is the only substance that is asleep until you mix it with something in order to activate it? Well, many people may say, “No.” Well if we thought about it, what activates bread to rise? From experience as a young family baker, when yeast is added to the bread, you need to mix warm water and sugar. These ingredients once mixed together, create a reaction with each other because sugar is the key that helps expel the carbon dioxide that's needed.…
According to the book “Raising Seedlings of Tropical Trees,” a seed should have a certain amount of space between itself and another seed. “No closer than 1 cm to each other, and often 5–25 cm apart, to allow each plant enough room” (Longman, 2003). The thing the author is talking about leaving room for would be germination. For our group’s experiment, we hypothesized that putting a seed next to another seed will have no effect on the rate of germination. Germination can be defined as the development of something, in particular a seed.…
Isolated Colonies and Soil Samples A. Purification of Serratia marcescens and Staphylococcus epidermis The objective was to grow isolated colonies on a nutrient agar medium (NA). Many microorganisms found in soil are able to grow on this medium. Since there are many organisms that are found in the soil, only a few of this organisms are adapted to live in this specific medium obtained. The NA plate is the first way to isolate microorganisms because the organisms that will be left on the plate will be those who can live on the complex medium.…
Introduction: Lactase is an enzyme that helps to digest lactose, a sugar found in many dairy products (U.S National Library of Medicine 2013). This enzyme is made through instructions provided by the LCT gene. Lactase is primarily produced and found in the cells that line the walls of the small intestine. At the brush border, an area where microvilli absorb nutrients from food as it passes by, lactose breaks down lactose into simpler sugars like glucose through a hydrolysis reaction (Biology 225 Lab Manual 2016).…
All living things need to go through cellular respiration to convert sugars into energy. While this process usually involves oxygen, a type of respiration called fermentation does not (which is why it�s also called anaerobic respiration). Humans have long known about fermentation for use in bread and beverages, but have recently harnessed this for making fuel. One of the products of fermentation is ethanol, a kind of alcohol. Another is CO2, which can be measured to determine the rate of yeast fermentation.…
Introduction: The purpose of the tests (culture media, motility, enzymes, etc.) we preform on the numerous bacteria in lab is to show any biological or chemical characteristics of the bacteria that may help it survive or adapt in the wild, how it may be useful or hazardous to humans, and use as general knowledge to differentiate bacteria from each other. In the Culture Media test we can use solid and liquid media to grow multiple bacteria in lab. It can help us determine what processes the bacteria can carry out, what nutrients may be needed or not needed for bacterial growth, as well as other characteristics. In the Enzymes test we use different media to test what enzymes are present in a bacterial species and the metabolic processes they carry out to help us determine some differences that help identify or give us more information on certain species.…
Overview of Fermentation Fermentation is looked as an anaerobic process. The process breaks down glucose in the absence of oxygen. The energy released from glucose would convert into acids, gases or alcohol. Fermentation would take place when the electron transport chain would not be used. Fermentation would occur in yeast cells, bacteria and in muscle cells of animals.…
Purpose To identify an unknown microorganism by performing a series of biochemical tests on a pure bacterial culture. Materials and Methods 1. One test that was used to discover the identity of the given bacterial culture was the carbohydrate utilization tests. This specific set of tests involved two broths, namely phenol red lactose and phenol red sucrose, and a Durham tube placed upside down in the broth tubes.…