Homework 4 1. A. Hcd19Tg is Human CD-19-Transgenic mice overexpressing CD19 which is a B-lymphocyte antigen present on all B cells. It is a transgenic model of human gene CD-19 introduced into the mice for research studying the effect of CD19 related to B-cell related immunological response B. CD1dloCD5+ is a rare phenotype of Regulatory B cells found in spleen of normal and autoimmune mice producing IL-10 and hence also called the B10 cells. As this phenotype is identifies to regulate T cell dependent inflammatory response, they are researched for role in myasthenia gravis and other neuro inflammatory diseases. C. Terbutaline is a B2 adrenergic receptor agonist causing vasodilation, smooth muscle relaxation and skeletal muscle contractions.…
Christina McNellis Contemporary electrotherapy HND Beauty Therapy Unit DP3F 35 Microdermabrasion Type of treatment In microdermabrasion, tiny crystals are sprayed onto the skin to gently remove the outer layer of your skin. This technique is less aggressive than dermabrasion, so you don't need numbing medicine. It is an exfoliation and skin rejuvenation procedure that leaves skin looking softer and brighter…
Interleukin 6- Interleukin 8- Interleukin 12p70- Interleukin…
The outcome is that ZFN modifying CD4+ T-Cells is safe for humans and the adjustment of the T-Cells help prevent…
4.1.5.Cytokine and Chemokine in inflammation: Many multifunctional cytokines are present in exocytosis of mast cells which play important roles in late- phase inflammatory response. The mast cell is a source of cytokines such as IL-1, -2, -4, -5, -6, TNF-α (85). IL-1 functions to grow T-helper cells and B cells with its proliferation whereas IL-2 influences the proliferation of T lymphocytes and activation of B lymphocytes. IL-4 helps to differentiate B lymphocytes into plasma cells secret IgE. With TNF-α, IL-4 regulates the expression of both high- and low-affinity IgE receptor on antigen presenting cells. IL-5 activates B lymphocytes and helps in the differentiation of eosinophils, and IL-6 causes B lymphocytes to increase the synthesis and…
Crohn’s Disease Symptoms – Is There a Way to Manage Them? Crohn’s disease symptoms vary from one patient to the next. Depending on how mild or severe the condition is, the signs could be anywhere from mere nausea to bleeding. There are extraintestinal manifestations which are rarely present. The disease can also affect different parts of the body such as the skin, liver, joints and the eyes.…
This is so interesting in so many ways, most of IL jobs is to trigger lymphocytes B to produce antibodies and stimulating proliferation of T cells during infection. it is so interesting that the task of IL-23 is working against the rest of autoimmune system. I wonder IL-23 if the only interleukins that promote autoimmune inflammations or there are some others? If IL-23 blocked human monoclonal antibody or if targeting IL-23 receptor cells are effective, was that mean the autoimmune inflammatory diseases are under control? It is the very intriguing…
Inflammation is the body’s way of signaling to leukocytes and other signal molecules to rush to the site of injury or disease to begin fighting it to prevent it from damaging tissue. The leukocytes fight whatever pathogens are present and the signaling molecules initiate the process of tissue repair. After this is complete, the body inhibits the inflammatory response to prevent it from…
Our laboratory experiment revolves around how LPS (contained on the surface of bacterial cells) effects the activity level of macrophages. We determined the macrophage activity level by measuring how much IL-6 cytokine was elicited by the macrophages. Cigarette smoke has a direct influence on the amount of IL-6 elicited by a macrophage. Interaction between nicotine contained in cigarette smoke reduces the rate of IL-6 transcription by a macrophage. I have 2 working theories as to why the IL-6 elicitation is reduced.…
Discussion Question #6 Article Summary My research paper is about a cytokine --- Tumor necrosis factor alpha, which is involved in systemic inflammation and is found in high concentration in patients diagnosed with autoimmune disorders. The article chosen describes the effects caused by a change in the level of cytokine Tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-a). The cytokine TNF-a is a proinflammatory, recognized to encourage HIV-1 reproduction and is involved in the development of HIV-1 related infections. This study done on the blockage of the cytokine TNF-a by chimeric humanized monoclonal antibodies (CHMA).…
Diseases such as Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) and Crohn’s Disease (CD) fall under this category and effect people of all ages, race and gender. Sadly there is no specific target that can be met in order to completely alleviate patients from the symptoms of either RA or CD. A potential relapse is always a possibility and fear among patients who are fortunate enough to achieve remission. Both RA and CD are cause by an over-stimulation of the inflammatory response. The inflammatory response can cause colossal damage when over-stimulated by cytokines such as TNFɑ (tumour necrosis factor).…
The humoral immune system is responsible for making response to the pathogens which invade our body. However, an abnormal immune system induces Cytotoxic T‐cells secrete toxic substances, for example, hydrogen peroxide in the body cells and kill the body tissues. This is called the autoimmune disease. One example of autoimmune diseases is systemic lupus erythematosus, which nearly 5 millions people are suffering various kinds of symptoms of this disease around the world (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2015). In this essay, I will primarily focus on the causes and risk factors of systemic lupus erythematosus, start by discussing how the immune system work properly and followed by explaining systemic lupus erythematosus in depth.…
Section 1: Dr. E. Angela Murphy (Exercise, Nutrition and Immunity) Dr. Murphy’s current research focuses on 1) understanding how exercise stress affects immune functions and 2) understanding whether the use of proper nutrition can ameliorate the immune suppression caused by exercise stress. The overall goal of Dr. Murphy’s lecture was for students to gain an understanding of how exercise stress affects immune function, the mechanisms for these effects, and the benefits of proper nutrition on immune function following exercise stress. During the presentation, Dr. Murphy discussed two studies focused on elucidating the effect of cells of the immune system, including macrophages and Interleukin-6 (IL-6), on susceptibility to viruses. One study…
What Is Inflammation? Inflammation is the way that the body naturally responds to a disease or injury. It causes certain parts of the body to become inflamed or swollen. While inflammation is a common and natural reaction, it can create problems if it becomes chronic. The key to getting inflammation under control is to treat what is causing it.…
Zinc and Immunity Various aspects of immune system are affected due to zinc (6,7,8). For normal development and function of cell mediated innate immunity, neutrophils and natural killer cells, zinc is essential element. The deficiency also affects the macrophages. The deficiency also affects adversely the growth and function of T and B cells. Besides zinc is an essential element needed for the synthesis of DNA, transcription of RNA, and activation of cells.…