Ethyl vinyl ether was used to protect –OH on glycidol based on a literature reported protocal.59 In a typical procedure, 0.675 mol glycidol and 200 mL ethyl vinyl ether were loaded in a round-bottom flask, to which 1.25 g TsOH was then added. The reaction was allowed to proceed at room temperature (RT) for 3h. The resulting mixture was then purified by washing with 100 ml saturated aqueous solution of NaHCO3 for 3 times. The organic layer obtained was dried by MgSO4. After filtration of MgSO4, the excess ethyl vinyl ether was removed by rotary evaporation.…
Reduction involves increasing the number of carbon hydrogen bonds by adding hydrogen across a double or triple bond which results in an increase in electron density at the carbon atom. Organic functional groups containing double and triple bonds which undergo reduction are unsaturated. The reduction of the double bond by addition of hydrogen atoms results in the product being fully saturated. Metal hydride reducing agents that have different reactivities toward specific functional groups are commonly used in chemical reductions.…
Sterols in plants are almost completely derived from acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA). Acetyl-CoA is dimerized to acetoacetyl-CoA that then forms 3- hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) by a condensation reaction. HMG-CoA is reduced to mevalonic acid by 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGR), a rate-limiting step in human isoprenoid biosynthesis. HMGR over-expression in transgenic tobacco plants resulted in increased levels of total sterols, indicating that HMGR is a limiting enzyme also in plant sterol biosynthesis (Schaller et al., 1995). The next step in sterol synthesis is to form squalene from mevalonic acid, and this is performend by a series of reactions where the final step is catalysed by the squalene synthase enzyme (SQS).…
The neutralization of the reaction was verified using pH paper to test whether the pH was neutral or slightly basic. At this point, the two possible products in the round bottom flask could have been exo- and endo-norborneol. Extraction and washing was performed and the exo- and endo-norborneol products formed were extracted into dichloromethane due to their similar solubilities, where the two products are overwhelmingly non-polar despite the one hydroxyl group. The dichloromethane (DCM) was the bottom layer formed, while the aqueous layer, the layer that was washed away, was the top and this was due to the weight of the chlorine atom that made DCM more dense. Extraction was repeated several times due to the partition coefficient, as it theorizes how smaller extractions are better than bigger extractions because they yield more concentrated extractions in the end.…
The alcohol, acting as a nucleophile, is then able to attack the carbonyl carbon. The acid then protonates one of the OH groups to create water, a good leaving group. The water then leaves and a double bond forms between the carbonyl…
At this step, the compound is stable and sits around until a source of proton is available to protonate. In the workup, the sulfuric acid is added to hydrolyze the product. The proton is bonded to the oxygen to making the final product neutral and a tertiary alcohol. Experimental…
The 1H NMR data strongly suggests that 3-pentanol was produced. On the 1H NMR, there are a total of 12H, which is the correct number of protons on 3-pentanol. Around 3.45ppm, there is a multiplet with an integration of 1. This peak corresponds to the methine proton on the carbon bearing the alcohol. The integration of 1 is correct since there is only one proton on that carbon.…
The molecule butane was observed while its dihedral angle was changed in 60 degree increments from 0 degrees to 360. The dihedral angle that had the largest potential energy was at 0˚ and 360˚. This is because the molecule was in an eclipsed conformation, an orientation of the molecule that causes there to be a lot of potential energy because the two largest molecules are fighting space, making it unstable. The lowest potential energy and most stable conformation was seen at 180˚which is called staggered formation. The staggered formation is the most stable conformation because the two methyl groups are the furthest away from each other.…
This the reaction involves a tertiary alkyl halide, which is tert-butyl chloride, which further indicates that the reaction follows a SN1…
Abdullah Al-Suraie April, 5.2015 Class: A Mr. Washington Focus Problem: Does chewing gum help you concentrate more efficiently? Prelab: The independent variable is the gum, and the independent variable is the level of concentration. The control group used no gum.…
Purpose The purpose of this lab was to separate unknown compound 204, composed of an amine, a carboxylic acid, and a neutral component, into each of its three respective states. The unknown compound was separated using microscale separation of acidic, basic, and neutral components by liquid/liquid extraction. Liquid/liquid extraction is a very common method often used in work-ups and allows for isolation of neutral components using acid/base chemistry; this method is extremely helpful in separating reactants and products of a synthesis. The components were purified and dried by evaporation and vacuum filtration.…
In this lab, we carried out a variety of reactions using different chemicals and metals. A chemical reaction is when the chemical state of the substance you are testing rearranges its ionic and molecular structure. One of the reactions we experienced was single replacement, this consists of one ion switching places with another ion to form a new compound. Another reaction we saw was double replacement. In this reaction, two compounds ions are switched to form two new compounds.…
It starts with a catalyst, then followed by an expression of…
It is formed by the removal of water from two ethanoic acid molecules. Because acetic anhydride is the second most reactive carboxylic acid derivative, they can be readily converted into other less reactive carboxylic acid…
Abstract: The objective of this experiment was to synthesize aspirin from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. The general theory behind this experiment was to study the synthesis of a drug from organic materials. During the experiment, esterification had occurred between reactants salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. Then, phosphoric acid would catalyze the reaction and water would be added to decompose the remaining acetic anhydride. Through the process of filtration, aspirin crystals were collected and separate from the liquid acetic acid-water solution.…