A defense of cultural identity creates a hostile atmosphere to minorities and restrains pluralism and vibrancy of diversity. Therefore, Habermas and later particularly Jan-Werner Müller (2007) have developed an alternative basis for citizenship, which they call ‘constitutional patriotism’. They believed a nationalistic collective identity was no longer reasonable in a …show more content…
Kalu 2009:10). Globalization appears to challenge the contemporary relevance of citizenship because it blurs the boundaries, both especially political and social spheres, which have made citizenship significant for many issues (Faulks 2000:132). Globalization also continues to generate radical transformations in citizenship because it has put new strains on the institutions of citizenship insofar as traditional forms of citizenship are grounded in the nation-state (Turner 1993:8). Thus scholars have attempted to reconstruct meaning and content of citizenship beyond the national sphere through various forms such as multiple citizenship, global or world citizenship to face new challenges of