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Lymphatic system functions
Recycles fluids lost from the cardiovascular system
Transports pathogens to the lymph nodes where they can be destroyed
Storage and maturation some types of white cells
Absorption of glycerol and fatty acids from food you eat
Lymphatic system parts
Lymph capillaries
Run parallel to blood capillaries
More permeable than blood capillaries, able to pick up fluid left over by cardiac system
, able to pick up fluid left over by cardiac system
Lymphatic fluid aka lymph
Fluid that fills lymph capillaries
Lymphatic vessels
Lymph capillaries empty into these which are similar to veins, even have valves
Body movement and contraction of smooth muscles Propel lymph through the system
Small vessels empty into larger vessels
Lymph nodes
Largest lymphatic vessels empty into lymph nodes
Range in size from an olive to a pinhead
Consists of sections of lymphatic tissue containing wbc know as lymphocytes
Lymphatic tissue is surrounded by lymphatic sinuses filled with lymph Fluid
destroy pathogens using wbcs
Lymphatic trunks
Lymphatic vessels leaving Lymph nodes empty in one of several trunk, bronchomediastinal, subclavin, jugular lumbar intestinal intercostal
Collecting ducts
Lymphatic trunks empty into one of 2 ducts
Thoratic duct
Empties into left subclavin vein
More than 2/3 of lymphatic system drain into it
, left bronchomediastinal, left subclavin, left jugular intercostal intestinal lumbar
Right lymphatic duct
Includes right jugular, right subclavin, right bronchomediastinal
Spleen
Filter and destroy pathogens using wbcs
SpleenSpongy organ similar to lymph node has blood sinuses instead of lymphatic sinuses Blood sinuses are surrounded by white pulp containing lymphocytes and red pulp containing rbc and wbc
Remove and destroys old damaged and fragile cells
Stores platelets and white blood cells
Thymus
Soft organ located between aortic Arch and sternum
Get smaller or disappears in adult's as the immune system fully matures in its ability to fight infection
Packed with lymphocytes which mature into T-lymphocyte
Immune system
Antigens
Each living thing has unique cell surface antigens which allow your immune system to distinguish between your own cells and Invaders
Ability is called self vs non-self recognition
Antibodies
Proteins that bind to antigens eventually destroying them
Called into action when a foreign antigen invades the body
Innate immunity
First line of defense prevents invasion if Invasion occurs it take steps to prevent the spread of infection
Can only recognize that something is not you it cannot identify what it is or remember what previous invaders where
Adaptive immunity
Remembers Invaders from previous encounters and prepares for future invasion this improves the response with experience by learning and changing
Components of immune system
Physical barriers
Anything that prevents invaders from entering body
Skin, mucous membrane of eyes digestive respiratory and reproductive system act as barriers
Packed with wbcs and lymph capillaries to trap invaders
Part of innate immunity
White blood cells
Born in bone marrow, move to other parts of body to grow and mature until they are needed during an invasion
Not released into blood stream until later needed
Divided into 2 groups
Polymorphonuclear granulocytes cells with granules or spots in their cytoplasm
Mononuclear agranulocytes no granules in cytoplasm
Neutrophils
Granulocytes function is phagocytosis, ingesting pathogens and cellular debris
Born in bone marrow, part of innate immunity, most common type in blood stream
1st responders at site of invasion
Macrophages
,
Phagocytic in later stages
Modified Monocytes which leave blood stream and enter tissue
Release chemicals to stimulate immune system
Basophils and mast cells
Release chemicals to promote inflammation
Granulocytes that enter infected tissue from blood stream
Numbers are low unless infection is present
Antihistamines block the effect of mast cells
Eosinophils
Counteract the activities of Basophils and master cells and putting the breaks on inflammation
Dendrite cells
Antigen displaying cell
Ingest foreign cells take them to lymph nodes looking for lymphocytes that match antigen
Adaptive immunity, alert your adaptive immunity to respond
Natural killer cells
Wipeout out any infected cell in body as well as any nearby healthy cells
They are lymphocytes that are not part of adaptive immunity
T lymphocytes
Responsible for portion of adaptive immunity known as cell mediated immunity
B lymphocytes
Responsible for part of adaptive immunity known as antibody mediated immunity
Chemicals
Cytokines
Proteins produced by damaged tissues and white blood cells which stimulate the immune response
Interferon
Binds to neighboring uninfected cells and stimulates them to produce chemicals to protect themselves from the viruses
Produced by cells that have been infected by a virus
Tumor necrosis factor
Stimulates macrophages also causes death in cancer cells
Inflammation
Symptoms are pain swelling heat and redness
Body's response to tissue damage weather mechanical or pathological
Helps to wall off the damaged area to prevent further spread which is called margination
Cells Release histamine and Cytokines which attract wbcs to the sight, extra fluid causes swelling via increased permeability of the capillaries , then more blood comes to site and produces heat
Wbcs destroy pathogens and clean away dead cells
Swelling not a function of complete cascade
Fever
Rise in body temperature to destroy pathogens by baking them out
Cytokine targets hypothalamus and tells it to turn up the temperature in body
Cancer stages
Stage 1
No spread from origin
Stage 2
Spread to nearby tissue
Stage 3
Spread to nearby lymph nodes
Stage 4
Spread to distant locations often terminal
How immune system works
A pathogen must get through your physical barriers first
If gets past physical barriers a foreign antigen is detected by neutrophils which injest the foreign antigen destroying it and releasing chemicals which attract other white blood cells to the site of infection stimulating inflammation
Release of Cytokines and stimulation of inflammation attract macrophages and natural killer cells to the site of infection
Macrophages phagocytize infected cells and natural killer cells use chemicals to destroy infected cells both cells release chemicals to further stimulate inflammation activate more immune cells and Trigger the completement Cascade
Pathogens are under attack from phagocytosis noxious chemicals membrane rupture clumping and even alteration 2 molecule structure
Chemical signal your hypothalamus to raise your body temperatureInnate immunity is buying time for adaptive immunity innate immunity stimulate adaptive immunity
When a phagocyte cells ingest pathogens they display the foreign antigen on their cell membrane and activate B & T cells
Adaptive immunity has memory learns from experience and recognizes specific pathogens
B & T lymphocytes remember pathogens in Mount specific responses to those pathogens if they meet again
Lymphocyte selection
Positive selection is lymphocytes that can actually recognize and bind to antigens are allowed to survive, selects for immune competent cells
Negative selection is the destruction of self recognizing lymphocytes
Lymphocyte activation
Lymphocytes once specialized wait in the lymph node for a pathogen they recognize
When infected cells get phagocytize by the anitgens, they display the pathogens antigens on the outside of the cells that become visible to specialized lymphocytes. Once a special lymphocytes recognize the pathogen they become active and destroy it. This is the beginning of adaptive immunity
Lymphocyte proliferation
The body only has a few lymphocytes that recognize each pathogen to which it has been exposed to
When a pathogen is recognized activated lymphocytes make thousands of copies of themselves to fight off the pathogens
B cells
Antibody mediated immunity
Fight pathogens by making and releasing antibodies to attack a specific pathogen
B cells develop into plasma and memory B cells antibodies are made in plasma cells and released into the bloodstream
Primary response
Antibodies bind to antigens of infected cells and destroy the pathogen Buy in activating the antigen it causes clumping of antigens activating the completement Cascade and releasing chemicals to stimulate the immune system and enhance phagocytosis
Memory B cells
AKA B lymphocytes stored in the lymph nodes
Secondary response
Memory cells allow to mount a faster response if exposed to a pathogen seen before improves with experience
B and t cells must bind with an antigen displaying cell to be active
T cells
Helper T cells
are responsible for Activation of B & T lymphocytes
Immunity is controlled largely by the positive feedback cycle
In a patient with AIDS B cell count will eventually drop because of decreased helper T cells
Cytotoxic t cells
Cells mediated immunity
Responsible for deaths of pathogens or infected cells
Release cytotoxic called perforin which causes infected cells to develop holes in their membranes and die
Release other Cytokines what stimulate immunity especially attracting macrophage to the site of infection to dispose of cellular debris
Memory t cells
Memory T-cells are responsible for secondary response
Adaptive immunity improve with experience
Regulatory t cells
Regulatory T cells switch off the immune system
May release Cytokines fat decreased immune and inflammatory response
Disorders of immune system
Immunodeficiency
Immune systems are under active
Examples are AIDS scid leukemia some forms of anemia chemotherapy people taking immunosuppressant drugs after organ transplants
Autoimmune
Body fails to recognize itself and destroys its own tissues as if they were foreign tissues
Ex
Rheumatoid arthritis
Multiple sclerosis
Lupus erythematosus
Type 1 diabetes
Myasthenia gravis
Graves disease
Addison disease
Hypersensitivity aka allergies
Immune system mounts a hyperactive response to a foreign antigen which are normally harmless antigens but the body treats it like an invading pathogen
Hay fever
Asthma
Hives
Skin rashes
Systematic hypersensitivity reactions
Aka anaphylaxis
Master cells and Basophils release immune stimulating chemicals throughout the body which caused widespread basal dilation which leads to low blood pressure and heart failure hives and Asthma may also accompany an anaphylactic reaction
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