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What are interactionalist sociologists interested in?
Interactionalist sociologists focus on interactions between individuals and the effect that had on them and the society around them- in regards to who is labelled ect.
What did Howard Becker study? What year was his study?
Becker (1971) carried out an important internationalist study of labelling, based on interviews with 60 Chicago high school, found that teachers judged pupils depending on how close they fitted the 'ideal pupil', the 'ideal pupil in their eyes was essentially the children that were middle class whereas the believed working class children to be naughty and miss behave.
What did Amelia Hempel-Jorgensen find in relation to Howard Beckers study? What year was her study conducted?
Amelia Hempel-Jorgensen (2009), elaborated on Beckers work on labelling and the 'ideal pupil. She studied two primary schools , one located within a predominantly working class area, the other predominantly middle class. Hampel- Jorgensen found that teachers within the working class school had particular behavioural problems and therefore saw the 'ideal pupil' as those who are passive and behave, whereas teachers from the predominantly middle-class school based who is an 'ideal pupil' on their academic success.
What Did Dunne and Gazey find? What year did they conduct their study?
Dunne and Gazey (2008) from conducting interviews in nine English state secondary schools Dunne and Gazey found that teachers labelled middle-class parents as supportive of their children's education e.g through paying for music lessons ect. Whereas they labelled working class parents as uninterested in their children's education. Due to these labels when a working-class child was failing the teachers believed it was inevitable and put little additional help in place to support them and entered them for easier exams. However, when a middle-class child was falling behind they set them additional work and gave them additional support to help them catch up. Dunne and Gazey concluded that labelling was, therefore, the dominant explanation for class differences in education.
What study did Jacobson and Rosenthal conduct and what year was the study conduct?
Jacobson and Rosenthal (1868) conducted a study at Oak Community school. The displayed how self-fulfilling prophecies work. They pretended to be psychologists and made students take an IQ test. They then randomly selected 20% of the class and told their teachers that this 20% were 'spurters' (would educationally advance faster than the other students), when they returned a year later they found that 47% of the 20% identified as 'spurters 'had significantly improved their academic performance. Demonstrating that after being told these randomly selected children were 'spurters' their teachers then gave them additional encouragement and attention because the way they perceive the children had changed. This, therefore, demontates a self-fulfilling prophecy, simply by accepting the idea that the children would spurt ahead, the teachers then brought it about. The fact that the children were selected randomly suggests that if teachers believe a pupil to be a certain type, they will, therefore, become that certain type.
Why is Jacobson and Rosenthal's study important? Plus what date was it written in again?
1968- The study's finding is important as it illustrates an important interactionalist principle that what people believe to be true will have significant effects, even if they were not initially true.
What did Douglas find regarding children and streaming? (Think of Doug saying something really obvious but being like 'oh hey I'm a clever sociologist because he's drunk)
Douglas found that children placed in higher sets by the age of 8 had improved their IQ score by the age of 11.
What do Gillborn and Youdell discuss reguarding the 'IDEAL PUPIL'? What year were they writing in?
Gillborn and Yodell (2001) argue that teachers have an image of an ideal child within their head and compare all children against that. They are less likely to see working class and black children as ' ideal pupils', they, therefore, allow them less access to resources they need to educationally succeed, which therefore further widens the gap in achievement.
What Do Gillborn and Youdell link streaming too?
Gillborn and Youdell link streaming to the publishing of school league tables. Schools gain higher positions on league tables depending on how many students achieve A*-C in GCSE. The higher they are on the league tables, the higher they are on the league tables, the more students attend the school which means the school gains more funding. This, therefore, creates an A*-C economy in schools. Pupils are placed into 3 groups, an 'Educational triage': Pupils who will pass the exams anyway, students who are C/D borderline and those who are helpless cases. Youdell and Gillborn argue that Working class and black students are almost always labelled as being 'hopeless cases'. Schools focus their attention and resources on the C/D borderline students in order to help them gain a C , so they look better within the school statistics and subsequently gain more funding. This, therefore, reinforces class inequality.
Why is Gillborn and Youdell's study interesting?
Gillborn and Youdell's study is interesting because it uses interactionalist, micro concepts such as labelling and setting and streaming and further links it to macro concepts such as exam league tables and the marketisation of education.
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