And it was this large Muslim population that played a large part in the Dutch’s fear of revolt and political undermining. To add concern, the Dutch authorities feared what it believed were radical ideologies being transported by pilgrims to and from Mecca, believing that these new ideologies would destabilize the Dutch political sphere of influence. Further, the Islamic ulama, teachers of thought who were able to remain financially independent from the Dutch economy, were being protected by the population (Laffan 80). To address these concerns the Dutch instigated a large program of networks and alliances amongst rival social, economic, and political classes to institute policies of control and power, especially after the Banten Jihad in 1888 which exposed the shortcomings of the Dutch authorities knowledge base (Laffan
And it was this large Muslim population that played a large part in the Dutch’s fear of revolt and political undermining. To add concern, the Dutch authorities feared what it believed were radical ideologies being transported by pilgrims to and from Mecca, believing that these new ideologies would destabilize the Dutch political sphere of influence. Further, the Islamic ulama, teachers of thought who were able to remain financially independent from the Dutch economy, were being protected by the population (Laffan 80). To address these concerns the Dutch instigated a large program of networks and alliances amongst rival social, economic, and political classes to institute policies of control and power, especially after the Banten Jihad in 1888 which exposed the shortcomings of the Dutch authorities knowledge base (Laffan