The dogs in the escape group and the no-escape group were put into harnesses, similar to Pavlov, and administered a shock that could only be stopped (controlled) by the escape group by pressing a panel with their head. The no-escape group was paired with a dog from the escape group, but they had no control over the shocks and could not stop them by pressing the panel. The pairing of both groups insured that both dogs had the same intensity and duration of the shock, the only difference being that only the escape group had control over the shocks. The no-harness control group did not participate in this part of the
The dogs in the escape group and the no-escape group were put into harnesses, similar to Pavlov, and administered a shock that could only be stopped (controlled) by the escape group by pressing a panel with their head. The no-escape group was paired with a dog from the escape group, but they had no control over the shocks and could not stop them by pressing the panel. The pairing of both groups insured that both dogs had the same intensity and duration of the shock, the only difference being that only the escape group had control over the shocks. The no-harness control group did not participate in this part of the