A possible chemical reason that this experiment yielded less than 100% cyclohexanone was due to the spontaneous decomposition of sodium hypochlorite, 2NaOCl = 2NaCl + O2, which decreased the amount of reactant present in the initial reaction when hypochlorous acid was formed, which was the oxidizing agent required to oxidize cyclohexanol into cyclohexanone. Sodium hypochlorite decomposed into O2 and NaCl due to a multitude of factors such as exposure to high temperatures, prolonged storage time or sunlight exposure. If a large enough quantity of the sodium hypochlorite was decomposed to limit the reaction that produced hypochlorous acid, the quantity of cyclohexanone produced may be affected. This would have resulted in a decrease in the production…
This lab makes use of the reaction excess powdered calcium carbonate and different concentrations limiting hydrochloric acid in order to determine the effect of changing concentration on the rate of the reaction. Students will carry out 3 trials of 5 experiments each trial. The five different experiments are for the various concentrations of hydrochloric acid (0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 mol/L). First measure out approximately 2 grams of powdered calcium carbonate using a weighing boat and analytical balance. Then, measure out 30 mL of 0.2 M hydrochloric acid into a volumetric flask.…
Discussion: Spinacia oleracea like many other plants contains leaves which play a crucial role in the process of photosynthesis. The energy used to drive the chemical reactions within photosynthesis comes from the sunlight absorbed by the chlorophyll molecules (Merzlyak, Chivkunova, Zhigalova, & Naqvi 2009). These chlorophyll molecules then transfer the light energy to chloroplasts and that light energy is converted into chemical energy (Merzlyak, Chivkunova, Zhigalova, & Naqvi 2009).…
In the Acid-Catalyzed Hydration of norbornene, water and sulfuric acid were added to the C=C double bond to form norborneol. Sulfuric acid acted as a catalyst, where it was not consumed in the reaction and helped to propel the reaction forward, as it was vital in forming hydronium ion and breaking the double bond. Both the products endo-norborneol and exo-norborneol were synthesized; however regioselectivity and stereoselectivity played a role as to which product was more preferred and whether the equatorial or axial orientation of the hydroxy group was favored. The setup of the Cold-Finger, and the ability of norborneol to sublime readily allowed for the purification of the crude product to obtain the diastereomeric products exo- and endo-norborneol.…
Doc. Anthony Miller, a physicist, and an engineer, with him Doc. Stephen Strange who had the same expertise as Doc. Anthony Miller. They were transported to Area 51 which was a secret military facility, they were brought there to work on a project.…
They are formed when an oxygen atom bound to an alkyl group replaces the hydroxyl group in the carboxylic acid. Esters can be formed through a process known as esterification, which starts with a carboxylic acid and an alcohol. The carbonyl carbon in the carboxylic acid acts as an electrophile and the oxygen atom in the alcohol acts as a nucleophile. However, this nucleophile and electrophile are both too weak for the reaction to occur and adding heat fails to catalyze the reaction. One option would be to make the alcohol a stronger nucleophile by converting it to an oxide.…
1. a. My data demonstrated the law of conservation of mass in part 5 of the experiment, dissolving sugar in water. The law of conservation mass states that matter cannot be created or destroyed by can enter or leave the system. The system’s change in mass was 0.00 grams, resulting in support of this statement.…
The 1H NMR data strongly suggests that 3-pentanol was produced. On the 1H NMR, there are a total of 12H, which is the correct number of protons on 3-pentanol. Around 3.45ppm, there is a multiplet with an integration of 1. This peak corresponds to the methine proton on the carbon bearing the alcohol. The integration of 1 is correct since there is only one proton on that carbon.…
Experiment 5: Separating Ferrocene and Acetylferrocene by Adsorption Column Chromatography AIM The primary goal of this experiment is to separate ferrocene and acetylferrocene using adsorption column chromatography. Additionally, a dry pack method with a micro scale column will be implemented, and the percent recovery for each compound will be computed. TABLE OF PHYSICAL PROPERTIES AND HAZARDS WITH STRUCTURES Ferrocene: - Physical Property: Solid Molecular Weight: 186.04 g/mole Boiling Point: 249 °C Melting Point: 173.5 °…
In this experiment, the hypothesis gave the expected results. The positive DNA has pGLO that can grow regardless that has the presence of the Ampicillin. The negative DNA does not have pGLO and thus cannot grow in the presence of Ampicillin because pGLO contains ampicillin-resistance gene. When it is not pGLO breaks the Ampicillin. The LB does not have Ampicillin and can grow colonies on the agar plates.…
There may have been errors in the lab that may have affected the results of the lab. There may have been mistakes: a person may have not measured the substances correctly while retrieving the liquids in the graduated cylinder, or not have been watching the conductivity probe while the group was measuring the electrolyte solution. Along with these, there is also the issue of timing the testing incorrectly. Adding onto this, there may have been a slight spill where the accurate amount of the substance being used was not completely added into the water for testing.…
Purpose- By completing this lab I had hoped to accomplish finding out which gum brand gives you the best flavor. I was testing the price of gum compared to how long the flavor lasted, I thought that the more expensive the gum was the longer the flavor would last because when you buy a more expensive product it tends to be better quality as with shirts, so I thought the same would go for gum flavor. Hypothesis-…
Rafaela Hajdini Bio 104- 55 November 11th 2014 Fermentation Lab Report Abstract: Introduction: Cellular respiration is a reaction that the majority of living organisms partake in to get adenosine triphosphate (ATP), by obtaining chemical energy, to synthesize in three different phases; glycolysis, citric acid cycle, and the electron transport chain. Both glycolysis and the citric acid cycle are anaerobic pathways which means that oxygen is not need to form energy.…
Introduction: Enzymes have a huge effect on the human body and other organisms. Enzymes are catalysts that are used to accelerate the reaction process by lowering the activation energy. For this experiment the catechol oxidase was extracted from potatoes. The enzyme is called catechol oxidase because the oxygen is reacting to catechol. Catechol oxidase causes the browning of the fruits and vegetables because the compound is toxic to the bacteria.…
Based on the theory of free volume, penetrant molecules can diffuse from one place to another if there is a blank space or a free volume sufficient (Mulder, 1991). The movement of heat will produce a magnification of free volume in the membrane. Therefore, the rate of diffusion of each molecule penetrant increased at high temperatures and produce high permeation flux values anyway (Bakhsi et al., 2006). Figure 4.9. The effect of temperature on selectivity for various of membrane composition and ethanol-water (30%-70%) Figure 4.10.…