Zika virus (ZIKV) is a flavivirus transmitted through the bites of infected Aedes species of mosquitoes. In 1947, ZIKV virus was first recognized in Uganda in monkeys through a system that observed yellow fever. Later in 1952, the virus was acknowledged in humans in Uganda and the United Republic of Tanzania. Since then, there has been reports of outbreaks of ZIKV in Africa, America, Asia and the South Pacific. In 2007, the first large outbreak of ZIKV was reported from Yap Island.
ZIKV is closely associated to DENV, West Nile, yellow fever and the Japanese encephalitis virus. After a person is infected, they experience mild symptoms which usually lasts from a few days or up to a week; some have no symptoms at all. In addition, ZIKV is not …show more content…
ZIKV includes symptoms which are closely related and resembles that of DENV. It can sometimes be difficult determining if a person has ZIKV after being diagnosed with DENV in the past. Antibodies developed in persons infected with DENV prior to being infected with ZIKV, causes severe increase in infection of ZIKV cells.
Flaviviruses are extraordinary because whenever antibodies cross-react with different viruses, infection and diseases are likely to be enhanced. These antibodies developed after an infection with one type does not protect against infection with another type. Instead, it creates an opportunity for the antibodies to assist the second virus invade cells in the immune system. This is characterized as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), and occurs amongst serotypes of DENV. ADE arises when antibodies that neutralize one virus can bind to, but do not block the infection of a similar virus.
It is critical to determine if any preexisting Flavivirus antibody, particularly dengue antibody, is contributing to the clinical outcome or transmission of Zika in the current epidemic, to better control the outbreak and to address future outbreaks. The current approach for developing dengue vaccines is based upon the system that a neutralizing immune response which is directed towards a single strain will protect against if not all, then most strains of DENV within the …show more content…
ZIKV is an enveloped virus with a positive sense, single stranded RNA genome. It contains 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions neighboring a single open reading frame. The single polypeptide is cleaved by cellular and viral proteases into three structural proteins, the binding capsid, and seven non-structural proteins. Infection begins in dendritic cells at the site of inoculation, and spreads to lymph nodes and the bloodstream throughout the host. Currently, ZIKV viral RNA concentrations are detectable in blood specimens collected days after the onset of infection, and levels are still detectable in some individuals as late as 11 days after
ZIKV is closely associated to DENV, West Nile, yellow fever and the Japanese encephalitis virus. After a person is infected, they experience mild symptoms which usually lasts from a few days or up to a week; some have no symptoms at all. In addition, ZIKV is not …show more content…
ZIKV includes symptoms which are closely related and resembles that of DENV. It can sometimes be difficult determining if a person has ZIKV after being diagnosed with DENV in the past. Antibodies developed in persons infected with DENV prior to being infected with ZIKV, causes severe increase in infection of ZIKV cells.
Flaviviruses are extraordinary because whenever antibodies cross-react with different viruses, infection and diseases are likely to be enhanced. These antibodies developed after an infection with one type does not protect against infection with another type. Instead, it creates an opportunity for the antibodies to assist the second virus invade cells in the immune system. This is characterized as antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), and occurs amongst serotypes of DENV. ADE arises when antibodies that neutralize one virus can bind to, but do not block the infection of a similar virus.
It is critical to determine if any preexisting Flavivirus antibody, particularly dengue antibody, is contributing to the clinical outcome or transmission of Zika in the current epidemic, to better control the outbreak and to address future outbreaks. The current approach for developing dengue vaccines is based upon the system that a neutralizing immune response which is directed towards a single strain will protect against if not all, then most strains of DENV within the …show more content…
ZIKV is an enveloped virus with a positive sense, single stranded RNA genome. It contains 5’ and 3’ untranslated regions neighboring a single open reading frame. The single polypeptide is cleaved by cellular and viral proteases into three structural proteins, the binding capsid, and seven non-structural proteins. Infection begins in dendritic cells at the site of inoculation, and spreads to lymph nodes and the bloodstream throughout the host. Currently, ZIKV viral RNA concentrations are detectable in blood specimens collected days after the onset of infection, and levels are still detectable in some individuals as late as 11 days after