term1 Definition1term2 Definition2term3 Definition3
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allergy:
Hypersensitivity to environmental antigens e.g. pollen, medication
autoimmunity:
Is due to a change in the body’s ability to tolerate self-antigensExample platelets
alloimmunity:
When the immune system or a host reacts to the tissue of another individualExample transplant tissue, blood transfusions
Type 1 – IgE- Intermediated hypersensitivity reactions
Type 1 reactions are mediated by antigen specific IgE and the product of tissue mast cells. Most common allergies (pollen allergies) are type 1 reaction
Type 2- tissue specific hypersensitivity reactions
Type 2 hypersensitivity reactions are generally characterised by a specific cell or tissue being the target of an immune response- the antigen involved is HLAs- Histocompatibility locus antigens- drugs may bind to the plasma membrane of specific cell and function as target of type 2 reaction
Type 3- Immune complex-mediated hypersensitivity reactions
Most type 3 hypersensitivity is caused by antigen-antibody (immune) complexes that are formed in the circulation and deposited later in vessel walls or extravascular tissuesThe primary difference between type 2 and 3 is that type 2 antibody binds to the antigen on cell surface, whereas in type 3 the antibody binds to soluble antigen that was released into the blood or body fluids and the complex is then deposited in the tissues.
Type 4- cell- mediated hypersensitivity reaction
Wheres type 1-3 hypersensitivity reactions are mediated by antibody, type 4 reactions are mediated by T lymphocytes and do not involve antibody. It occurs through cytotoxic T lymphocytes. T lymphocytes attack and destroy cellular target directly
Primary immune deficiencies are a result of a single gene defect
most primary immune deficiencies are inherited-caused by genetics
Effect on the individual- it weakens the immune system causing a person to be susceptible to infections and other health problems
cause:
AIDS is caused by HIV. It interferes and destroy Th cells making pt more susceptible to infections.
clinical manifestation:
- Malnutrition
- Skin breakdown
- Dehydration
- Frequent infections
Prevention:
- Wearing protection during intercourse
- Not to breastfeed after being diagnosed with AIDS
- Not to use, used sharps
Treatment:
- There is no cure for AIDS but medications such as antiretroviral are effective in fighting HIV and its complications
Pharmacology of the Immune System
Discuss the use of immune suppression drugs. Include an example, action, side effects, contra-indication and nursing considerations.
Immune suppression drugs
example:
Cyclosporine
action:
Their action is obscure but they are normally used to prevent organ rejection in kidney.
side effects:
- Nephrotoxicity
- Tremor
- Hypertension
- Gum hyperplasia
contra-indication:
Uncontrolled hypertension
Hypersensitivity to the drug
nursing consideration:
Monitor cyclosporine levels in transplant patients
Check BP before administering
immune stimulation therapy
Immunoglobulin
stimulate the immune system by inducing activation or increasing activity of any of its components.
or
works by increasing immune response
side effect:
- Headache
- vomiting
- diziness
Individuals with isolated Immunoglobulin
Individuals with anaphylactic reaction to a human Immunoglobulin
Administer the first dose within 6days after exposure- use of buttocks for injection is preferred
Re-administer every 6 months as long as risks exists
Concurrent antibiotics therapy may be required
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