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Universality
Any underlying characteristic of human beings that is capable of being applied to all, despite differences of experience and upbringing
Gender bias
Research or theory that may offer a view that doesn't justifiably represent the experience and behaviour or men or women (usually women)
Androcentrism
Male-centred; 'normal' behaviour judged by male standard so women seem 'abnormal' or 'deficient' by comparison
Alpha bias
Theories that suggest there are real and enduring differences between the sexes, may enhance or undervalue members, typically undervalues women
Beta bias
Theories ignore or minimise differences between the sexes
implications of gender bias
misleading assumptions about female behaviour
fails to challenge negative stereotypes
validates discriminatory practices
justifies denying women opportunities
Carol Tavris (1993): it becomes normal for women to feel abnormal
Sexism in research process
Lack of women at senior research Level so concerns not reflected
(Male) researcher has ability to label female participants as abnormal for not completing complex tasks (Nicolson 1995)
May be guilty of supporting form of institutional sexism creating bias in theory and research (Denmark et al 1988)
Reflexivity
Researchers recognise and embrace personal values and assumptions as crucial and critical aspect of research
Dambrin and Lambert (2008) reflect on how own gender-related experiences influence reading of events in accountancy firm study
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