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Endurance
Nature's ability to endure is presented like a spiritual secret
Modern poetry- ominous undertones
man's relationship with nature is not idealised, instead, man and nature are pitted against each other as two separate forces on different paths
Decisive statement
'Persephone's fruits utter where they have been, where we are going.' The juxtaposition of 'they' and 'we' sets the natural world and human world distinctly apart. 'They have been' in the ground and can offer a prophetic vision of our bleak future, but when 'we' go where 'they have been' we will not regenerate as the natural world will.
Fanthorpe uses archaic and classical influences in the language-
Canal: 1977: U A Fanthorpe highlights how human life is brief
using the deaths of the 'Roman candle miners' as a symbolic prophetic reflection that all of mankind will be forgotten one day, like those men 'lying foreign and broken in Gloucestershire churchyards now.'
The dark tones to the poem make it one of discord rather than traditional pastoral aesthetic beauty
an aesthetic critic might argue that this is more of a nature poem of stark realism than idealistic pastoralism
The danger of man's industrial past seems to parallel the context of the 1970s: the cold war.
Descriptions of 'shafting their pits', 'powderkeg' and 'fuse in each pocket' alludes both to the past and modern nuclear capability. These images are juxtaposed with the tenuousness and superficiality of modern society, 'the picturesque antiquity that savaged so many who made it.'
Nature waiting to reclaim their place
'the conspiratorial presence of trees'
humanity
'humanity goes out like a light'
Nature
'after and before, the mute persistence of water and grass and trees'
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