Cosmological constant

been and are currently being developed. One group of theories contends that the value of this energy must be constant, meaning the acceleration is ubiquitous and isotropic across the universe. Contrarily, scalar field theories deem that the values are anisotropic, or the acceleration is variant throughout the universe; this suggests the idea that there may be some sort of fifth field or force producing the effect (Dynamics…

The cosmological argument aims to study the nature and order of the universe. “‘The world cannot come from nothing’. The idea here is that the existence of the universe demands a cause, reason, or explanation.” (Davis, 1993) It is also known as the first cause argument. The argument states that we can infer the existence of God from the universe. It is an a posteriori argument which starts at experience. Cosmological arguments are made from the viewpoint of observation. The cosmological…

The existence of God has been debated throughout history. There are many arguments for the existence of God but there are two commonly-accepted arguments among theists: the cosmological argument and the teleological argument also known as the argument from design. In his article entitled “On Being an Atheist”, H.J. McCloskey attempts to refute each of these arguments. His stated purpose in the article is to provide reasons for atheism and to show that it is more comforting to be an atheist than…

The argument for God’s existence has remained a constant topic of conversation, and at the head of much controversy. An argument attempting to prove the existence of God can be found through the Cosmological Argument, known also by its informal name as the “first cause argument”. The argument raises the issue of a first cause and where all things in the universe originated. This issue serves importance by highlighting conflicts humanity faces when questioning the origin of all things, and…

although a force is needed to start movement, it can continue without outside interference, contradicting Aristotle and Aquinas' ideas that motion needed constant force. The cause argument, on the other hand, contradicts itself without the help of modern science. In saying that every single event has a cause outside itself, it rules out the possibility of there being an 'uncaused cause', as only one of these things can exist at one time, which shows the unsound nature of its conclusion. The…

God’s existence has been a key topic of debate over the past couple of centuries. People argue either way very strongly, and many are not open to hearing the other side. When this topic is argued, there are two main arguments, the cosmological and teleological argument. In this article, “On Being an Atheist”, H.J. McCloskey argues against each of these views. He believes that without sure “proof” of God, we need to totally pitch the idea that God exists. If this were the case, many…

statement. In response, Evan and Manis say that the thrust of the non-temporal argument is that present existence of contingent objects requires that there be a necessary being” (Evans & Manis, 2009). As mentioned McCloskey claims that everything requires a cause for its existence; therefore God requires a cause for his existence. Evans and Manis discuss it this way, the argument assumes that all contingent beings require a cause for their existence; however, God is not a contingent being; only…

plot should look when reaction goes to completion. Did [Pb] approach a constant value? Behaviour of [Pb]-time plot indicates which samples to omit. Which α function best fit results? The origin of our two alpha functions has been derived and explained in the MTRL 359 Lab Manual, the mathematical significance of each function are as follows: The above equations are [15] and [21] respectively, where equation [15] is a description of the Diffusion Limited Rate Model and equation [21] is a…

Prominently exemplified in Christina Rossetti’s Goblin Market is the deep bond that is held between sisters from birth. No matter how deep a bond is between siblings, however, something will always try to tear them apart. In the case of Laura and Lizzie, Laura falls to temptation at the hands of goblin men. Nevertheless, before things get better, they will always get worse. After tasting the goblin men’s fruit, Laura’s life is sent into a downward spiral as she begins to decay both mentally and…

The purpose of this lab is to solve for the equilibrium constant of a reaction between iron (iii) ions and thiocyanate ions. The lab is divided into two parts: one section recording absorbance of reference solutions and the other part for the absorbance of test solutions. The reference solutions were created through the mixing of excess iron (iii) nitrate (Fe(NO3)3) with a known concentration of potassium thiocyanate (KSCN) in order to push the reaction to completion; the initial concentration…