DNA

A DNA ladder is a solution of DNA molecules of different but known length. In Well 1, the DNA ladder was applied to the gel to set a standard for the rest of the samples. In LoggerPro, after setting an origin, the second step was to set a standard ladder. We standardized the ladder by going from 4 to 5 cm and determining that was 10 milliliters. The next step was to scale the ladder by selecting the 3 brightest points and labeling it 3000,1000,500 in descending order. The estimated size of my…

Recombinant DNA is genetically engineered DNA that is formed by splicing fragments of DNA. Organismal cloning is the artificial creation of a new organism that is genetically identical to its counterpart. DNA cloning is a recombinant DNA technique where cDNAs and fragments of genomic DNA are inserted into a cloning vector and maintained during growth of the host cells. Vector is an agent that transfers genetic material into a cell or organism. Restriction enzymes are bacterial enzymes that find…

following CXCL 11, CXCL 10, and CXCL 9. DNA purification (Mini prep) helps to determine the concentration of both GFP and NFkB DNA before being used to transfect both HeLa and HEK 293 cell. The purification of DNA also allows the extraction and purification of plasmid DNA. According to the data that was generated by the completion of the Mini Prep, GFP DNA tends to have a higher concentration of 27.544 µg compared to NFkB DNA that has 16.950 µg. GFP DNA is considered to have properly purified…

genotypic differences that can be observed using DNA sequencing data. One way to observe genetic variation amongst humans would be to sequence the Mitochondrial DNA(mtDNA). Mitochondrial DNA is the most commonly used DNA to form phylogenetic trees. Human Mitochondrial DNA is about 16,500 bps in size and consists of 13 protein coding genes, 22 tRNAs (transfer RNA), and 2 rRNAs (ribosomal RNA) (Ingman, 2001). Mitochondrial DNA has many beneficial uses for DNA sequencing such as; its ability to be…

assays are shown in Figure 1. We will use peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-based probes to investigate in detail the signaling power and the selectivity of a transfer reaction (Figure 2). PNA is a chemically and biologically stable DNA analogue that combines an increased affinity towards DNA (RNA) with a hybridization that is highly sequence selective [28]. Due to modifications in its backbone, it does not degrade in the presence of proteases such as Proteinase K. Sequence-specific PNA…

Forensic science still has a long way to go before it can be considered as a science of high degree of certainty. Although it has been beneficial to a certain extent especially with regards to DNA forensics technique which, I will be discussing further in this essay. It nonetheless, has significant implications, forensic science is prone to errors due to analytical and structural defect. Furthermore, most crime labs are not accredited, although there is a choice of being accredited it is not…

Ancient DNA • Summary: Ancient DNA is DNA that has been extracted extinct specimens. It can be used to study evolution and genomic consequences of long term environmental change. We can make species un-extinct by using the ancient DNA and then use this DNA to fertilize an embryo. However, the technology to do this is not available yet as no species have had their full genome sequenced. In addition, it is hard to find a surrogate to create an individual from this DNA. Ancient DNA is used today…

In the United States, both blood type testing and DNA fingerprinting are legal, though forensic investigators spend no time getting blood types because of how useful DNA fingerprinting has become. In 1989, the Virginia Division of Forensic Sciences was the first to start implementing DNA testing in criminal investigations (10). At first they had policies only requiring certain classes of offenders to submit DNA samples to be included in a DNA database, however, not even a year later, they…

These DNA profiles seem to exist as series of numbers therefore it can be stored on a PC’s database. If there seems to be a gathering of suspects by the police officers of a crime scene the database would not be used as assistance. Any DNA profile gathered from the wrongdoing scene can be compared to the DNA profiles of the considerable number of suspects to discover which one it originates from. The DNA database is a PC database containing records of DNA profiles. As a rule there are two…

DNA purification: To get pure DNA to use, a silica membrane was used to collect the long DNA strands. We started by adding 5 volumes of PB buffer to 1 volume of each PCR reaction. We put column and the silica wafers into tubs and pipetted the DNA samples onto the wafers. We centrifuged the tubes for a minute and disposed of the waste. After that we pipetted 0.75 ml of buffer PE to the samples and spun it for another minute then disposed of the waste. The columns were added to the tubes and spun…