After the selective screening process has taken place, it is then necessary to organize the information in the second stage – organization. This organization of information is accomplished by the four most commonly used schemas – script schema, self-schema and person schemas; which are all cognitive frameworks that represent organized knowledge developed through experience about a given concept or stimulus (Uhl-Bien, Schermerhorn, and Osborn, 2014).
Once the information is organized, the next …show more content…
Stereotyping, or assigning common attributes of a group to an individual, is one of the most simplifying devices. Also, the halo effect – where an overall impression of a person is based on simply one of their attributes. Another common distortion is selective perception; defined as an individual singling out problems from their own point of view. A projection distortion typically occurs in the interpretation stage as is assigns personal attributes onto other individuals. Additionally, a contrast effect occurs when a defining moment is based in contrast with another recent event. Lastly, the authors define a self-fulfilling prophecy as an instance in which an individual expects and receives the expected outcome (Uhl-Bien, Schermerhorn, and Osborn,