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70 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
anatomy
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structure and relationships of body parts
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physiology
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study of body functions-dynamic system. depends on the way the part is constructed
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gross anatomy
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study of large body structures visible to the unaided eye
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systematic anatomy
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organized by function
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surface anatomy
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study of features that can be observed or touched (palpated)
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microscopic anatomy
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study of small structures that require a microscope
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cytology
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study of cells
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histology
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study of tissues
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radiography
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production of images of internal body structures using x-rays
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angiography
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use of radiopaque substance to examine arteries of heart or brain (like x- ray)
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tomography
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producing sectional images of the body - seperates soft from dense CT CAT scan
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PET
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positron emission tomography- isotopes are combined with molecules to view activity of the part ( brain scan)
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MRI
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magnetic resonance imaging - magnetic field causes certain atoms to emit weak radio waves which generates a cross sectional image
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medical terminology?
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to discuss without long explanations ( latinized & prefixes suffixes)
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variation
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normal within set limits. (body temp) normal = average
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homeostasis
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body's internal enviroment strives to remain certain limits
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negative feedback
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causes variable to change in a direction opposite of the initial change returning it to ideal value
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positive feedback
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causes variable to change in the same direction as initial change causing variable to deviate farther from ideal value
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level of organization in body
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organ systems, organs, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules, atoms
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landmarks
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axillae- armpit
antebrachial fossa- inner elbow |
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quadrants
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divide abdominal into 4 sections (RUQ, LLQ)
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regions
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abdominal/ pelvic region divided into 9 - (umbillical, lumber, hypochondriac, iliac, hypogastric)
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anatomical position
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standing in front of you, erect, palms up
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posterior cavaties
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cranial (head)
vertbral (spinal cord) |
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anterior cavaties
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thoracic, diaphragm, abdominal/pelvic
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visceral organs
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organs within a body cavity
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pleural
pericardial abdominalpelvic/peritonal |
lungs
heart guts & abdominal cavity |
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visceral serosa
parietal serosa serous fluid |
closer to organ
outer layer potential space to reduce friction |
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potential energy
kinetic energy |
stored; capability to do work
in motion / action |
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chemical energy
radiant energy electrical energy |
stored in bonds of chem. substances
light- xrays- heat flow of electrons or other charged particles |
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elements
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cannot be split into smaller substances by chemical reaction ( O, C, H, N, Ca)
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atoms
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smalles unit that can enter a chem. reaction
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molecule
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2 or more atoms combined
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compound
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can be broken into 2 or more elements
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exergonic bond
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bond broken has more energy than one being formed
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endergonic bond
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requires energy
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electron shell
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holds specific # of electrons- outer shell tries to hold a given # of electrons
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valence
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number of elctrons needed to complete the outer shell
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ion
electrolytes |
charged particle
ions that carry an electrical current ( Na, K, Cl) |
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ionic bond
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opposites attract (NaCl)
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isotope
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same atomic number but diff. atomic weight
number= protons weight = protons and neutrons |
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covalent bonds
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share electron pairs
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free radical
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contains unpaired electrons
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hydrogen bonds
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2 other atoms associate with H+ atom..weak but biologically
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inorganic compounds
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no carbon atoms- ionize in water(break apart to form individual ions)
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water ( in inorganic compounds)
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participate in chem reactions, high heat capacity (no great temp change), solvent & suspending medium (polar covalent bonds allow dissolving action)
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acid
base salt |
one or more H+ ion & anion (-)
one or more OH-ion and cation(+) cation or anion which are not H+ or OH- |
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pH scale
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below 7 acid
above 7 base 7 neutral powers of 10 |
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buffers
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stop changes in pH (changes Strong acid or bases to Weak)
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Organic compounds
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Carbon compounds mostly held together by covalent bonds (share electrons)
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dehydration synthesis
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2 monomers join, eliminating a molecule of water, forming a polymer
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Hydrolisis
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molecule of water breaks polymer into monomers
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carbohydrates
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sugars, starches, glycogen,(all major energy) cellulose
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monosaccharide
disaccharide polysaccharide |
3-7 carbon (glucose)
2 monosacchardies (sucrose) hundreds of monosaccharides ( gycogen, starches, cellulose) |
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lipids
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fatty acid - long carbon chain with H atoms. ends in carboxylic acid group COOH
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glycerides
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glycerol & 1,2,3 fatty acids
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saturated
polyunsaturated |
with H+ ions (single bond)
more than one double bond ("bad" fat = red meat, milk, cheese) |
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phospholipids
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glycerol & 2 fatty acidsplus phospate linked to N containing charged group (cell membrane & mem. structure)
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steroid
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nonpolar- fat soluble; unique 4 ring structure (cholesterol is precursor of other steroids)
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prostaglandin
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5 carbon ring fatty acid (may cuase pain, inflammation)
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proteins
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amino acids combined by peptide bond- dehydration synthesis, contain nitrogen, 100,000 diff. types, 20% weight
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structural organization of proteins
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primary - 100's of aa in particular order
secondary- twisting or folding of neighboring aa (alpha helix) pleated sheet tertiary- 3D shape important to function quaternary- arrangement of chains denaturation- loss of shape- nonfunctional |
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functions of proteins
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building blocks (keratin collagen)
Enzymes- biological catalyst (speeds up reaction without entering into reaction itself) |
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2 parts of protein
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apoenzyme- protein portion
cofactor-nonprotein portion (iron, zinc) or coenzyme- organic molecule as vitamin work only on specific substrates due to 3D shape |
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protein efficiency
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reaction 100-1000 times more rapid then without enzyme
-ase suffix oxidases - add oxygen ATPases- split ATP (high energy compound of cell) anhydrases- remove water proteases- break down protein |
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DNA
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deoxyribonucleic acid - double helix, nucleotide (phosphate, sugar, nitrogen base)
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bases - A T C G
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adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine A-T C-G
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RNA
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uracil replaces thymine
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gene
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sequence of DNA coding for a particular thing as a protein - enzyme
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codon
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3 bases coding for an amino acid
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