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95 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
why was classification started?
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because of the need to collect information
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in the 1840 census had 1 category: __
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idiocy
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the categories of mental illness jumped from __-__ by 1880
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1-7
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there are over __ categories of mental illness today
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370
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the first version of the DSM cam out following __ because __
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WWII, they had to have new diagnostic categories due to psychological problems of war
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the DSM I was published in __
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1952
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the DSM II was published in __
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1968
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the DSM III was published in __
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1987
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the DSM IV was published in __
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1994
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the DSM IV TR was published in __
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2000
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the DSM revision process has __ steps
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3
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the 3 step process for DSM revision
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1. comprehensive and systematic review of all published literature for each diagnostic category
2. data re-analysis 3. field trials |
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during the DSM revision process, a comprehensive and systematic review of all published literature for each diagnostic category is done to __
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identify the most important issues
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data re-analysis is used __
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whenever there isn't enough evidence to resolve and issue
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field trials are used to __
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see if revisions could be used
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if 2 psychologists can come up with the same diagnosis
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inter-related reliability
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the 6 important factors of diagnosis (6)
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-allows us to make important distictions between forces of mental illness
-can be used by any clinitian regarldless of theoretical orientation -facilitates research -can examine etiology of disorder -includes treatment recomendations -finincial concerns associated with that diagnosis (who pays and how much) |
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the DSM IV is in a __ format
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multiaxial
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axis 1 of the DSM VI is the __
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diagnosis you give the individual based on they syptoms they report during the first session
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axis 2 of the DSM VI is __
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reserved for chronic disorders; much more resisitant to treatment
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axis III of the DSM IV is __
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any physical conditions that is part of diagnosis (loss of arm, altzheimers)
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axis IV of the DSM IV is __
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psychosocial stressor (anything in a persons life taht might contribute to a disorder)
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axis V of the DSM IV is __
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globel assesment of funcitoning (GAF)
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GAF ranges from __
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0-100
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in GAF, the __ the number teh __ your current level of functioning
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higher, higher
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the DSM IV diagnoses on 5 axis to __
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give clinitians the broadest view of diagnosis
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2 major criteria that guided the DSM IV
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-specific diagnostic criteria
-characteristics of each diagnosis described in detail |
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characteristics of each diagnosis according to the DSM IV (5)
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-essential features of the disorder
-associated features -average age of onset -prevelance rates -familial pattern |
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the DSM V is trying to __ the number of axis
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reduce
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the DSM is trying to combine __ and __
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psychosocial and environmental problems
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the DSM V is trying to include ___
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specific rating scales for each disorder
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critisims of the DSM (4):
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-most diagnostic categories are vague
-continuous vs categorical (implies you must have certain # of symptoms) -categories based on prototypes -comorbidity |
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when an individual recieves 2 diagnosis
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comorbidity
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mood disorders affect what general areas:
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-affective (emotions)
-cognitive -behavioral -physical |
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what are the 3 types of mood disorders according to the DSM IV?
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-MDD
-Dysthymia bipolar disorder |
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what symptoms must be present in order for MDD to be diagnosed?
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-depressed or unhappy for most of teh day nearly every day for 2 weeks
-loss of interest or pleasure in most activities |
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what might you see in diagnosis of MDD?
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suicidal idiation
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you must see 5 or more of the following to diagnose someone with MDD
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-significat weight loss or gain
-too much/little sleep -fatigue -feelings of worthlessness or guilt -diminished ability to think |
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in order to diagnose dysthymia you must be depressed for most of teh day for at least __
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2 years
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dysthymia is __ pronounced as MDD
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less
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in order to diagnose dysthymia you must see __ of the following:
-poor/too much appetite -insominia -low energy -hopelessness |
2
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__% of people have "true depression"
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45
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__% of people met criteria for depression plus another disorder
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55
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bipolar disorder used to be called __
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manic-depressive disorder
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bipolar disorder first appeared in __
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1970
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the symptoms you must see for teh depressed state of bipolar disorder are __
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the same as depression
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to diagnose the manic stage of bipolar disorder you must see at least __ of symptoms
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3
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symptoms that you must see to diagnose manic bipolar disorder (4)
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-inflated self esteem
-decreased need for sleep -press of speech (keeps talking) -flight of ideas |
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people have proposed to change MDD from __ to __ in teh DSM 5
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single episode, recurrent
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what additions will be put in the DSM 5
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-mixed anxiety depressive disorder
-disruptive mood dysregulation disorder -premenstral mood disorder |
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depression has __ onset
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early
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the age of onset for depression is __ every generation
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earlier
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the __ for young girls is causing earlier onset of depression
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dating situation
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duration for depression __, most resolve witin __
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varies, 5-6 months
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people with depression should expect at least __ more episodes withing thier lives
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4-5
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depression make up approximatly __% of all mood disorders
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16-20
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depression is consistant for both boys and girls until __
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adolescents
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depression usually appears in __ year olds
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18-19
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after adolescence, rates __ for women
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double
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__ causes higher rates of depression in women rather than men
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differences in sex roles
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depression __
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runs in families
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the herritabiltiy rate of depression is __
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37%
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if 1 twin is diagnosed with bipolar thatn teh other has a __% chance of having it
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50
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the chance you have bipolar drops to __% if you are fraternal twins
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20%
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what 3 neurotansmitters are associated with MDD?
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-norepinepherine
-serotonin -dopamine |
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MDD was thought to be cause by changes in the __ of neurotransmitters. this is __
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"absolute values", NOT TRUE
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Depression (in terms of neurotransmitters) is really casued by __
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NT dysregulation
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what are the aspects of social and psychological factors of MDD?
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-stressful life events
-cognitive theories -hoplessness theory -rumination theory |
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what are the 3 parts of the stressful life events that contribute to MDD
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-diathesis stress model
-lack of social support -high expressed emotion |
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families that are constantly yelling and emotional have a high level of __
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expressed emotions
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people who are depressed __ differently
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think
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leading researcher in the cognitive theories of depression
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aaron beck
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aaron beck theorized that depression was based on __, __, and __
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negative triad, negative schema, and cognitive biases
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what is aaron becks negative triad about?
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the negative thoughts people have about about THEMSELVES, THE WORLD, AND THE FUTURE
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a way of looking at the world negatively
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negative schematas
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developed due to negative schematas (people tend to distort info, focus on failures, and have faulty beilief)
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cognitive biases
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when people feel hopless it becomes a trigger for depression
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hoplessness theory
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what are the 2 parts of the hopelessness theory?
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1. the individual believes the desired outcome WILL NOT occur
2. the individual doesn't believe they can chage the situation |
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in teh hoplessness theory, people can make 2 attribution (explanations)
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1. stable vs unstable
2. global vs specific |
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stable vs unstable =
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perminate vs temporary situation
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global vs specific =
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affects many domains of life vs affects specific situation
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according to this theory, depressed people tend to replay negative situations in their head
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rumination theory
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__ especially causes depression in adolescent girls because they dwell on issues
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rumination
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bipolar disorder has a heritability estimate of __%
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93
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what disproved the theory that mood disorders were due to imbalances in "absolue leves" of NT in the synaptic cleft?
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antidepressent and metabolic studies
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a personality trait that involves the tendancy to react to events with greater than average negative affect
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neuroticism
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in the DSM 5, axis I-III will be combined into __
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psychiatirc and medical diagnosis
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in the DSM 5, axis IV will be converted to __
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psychosocial and environmental problesm
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in the DSM 5, axis V will be changed to __
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specific rating scales for each disorder
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countries like nigeria, india and columbia are more likely to have __ than industrialized nations like the US
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schizophrenia
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people who __ are less likely to have mental illness
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immigrate
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why was the reiliability for diagnosis before teh DSM III low?
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because the criteria was unclear
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why is reliability of the DSM low?
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becuase clinitians can interpret symptoms differently
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rates of bipolar disorder are higher in __ than anywhere else
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the US
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1 major critisims of the DSM is that there are too many __
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diagnosis
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