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49 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the functions the skeleton provides?
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support
movement protection storage hemopoiesis/hematopoisis |
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what does skeletal support do?
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provides an internal frame called an endoskeleton and allows for attachment of skeltal muscle
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What are some important things with bone movement?
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Articulations-joints.
Shapes of articulating surfaces determines the range and direction of movement |
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What are some important things to do with the protection bone provides?
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Protects the cranium, vertebral column, the thorax and a wealth of vital organs
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What is the importance of bone storage?
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-Stores calcium which is needed for bone strength, nerve conductivity, and many other functions
-Stores phosphorus -Stores adipose for energy known as yellow marrow |
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What is another name of stored calcium and what does it do?
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Hydroxyapatite-the crystal for of calcium which is stored in bones.
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What is the importance of hemopoises/hematopoises?
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Is important to the creation of blood cells.
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Name the typical structures of a typical long bone?
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Diaphysis
Medullary Cavity Epiphyses(epiphysis) Periosteum Metaphysis Articular Cartilage |
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What is the diaphysis?
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The shaft (middle part) of a long bone comprised primarily of compact bone
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What are the parts to the medullary cavity?
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Yellow marrow - adipose
Endosteum - lining to the walls of the medullary cavity |
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What are the parts to endosteum?
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Osteoprogenitor cells - cells that give rise to new cells.
Osteoblasts - cells that produce bone matrix Osteoclasts - cells that tear down bone matrix to be replaced by new matric |
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What is the epiphyses(epishysis)?
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Cancellous (spongy) secondary center of ossification (bone formation) usually located at the ends of long bones
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What is the perioesteum?
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Contributes to bone growth, bone repair, and surrounds the bone with a membrane of blood vessels. Also the periosteum provides a place where ligaments and tendons connect.
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Name the structures of the periosteum.
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Outer layer
Inner Layer Blood Vessels |
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What is the function of the outer layer of the periosteum?
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Outer layer - provides a protective layer of the periosteum which contains fiberous connective tissue
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What does the inner layer do for the periosteum?
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inner layer-delicate thin layer which makes bone cells(osteoprogenitor cells) and osteoblasts which makes bone matrix
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What do blood vessels do for the periosteum?
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-Has lymphatic vessels which carry white blood cells into and out of the bone.
-Has nerves to tell the brain when there are problems with the bone (pain). -Has Sharpey's fibers which are cables that anchor the periosteum to the bone. |
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What is the Metaphysis?
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It is the widened 'transition zone' where the epiphysis and the diaphysis meet. "partition"
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What are the parts of the Metaphysis?
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The epiphyseal plate (hyaline cartilage)
The epiphyseal line (fused joint) |
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What is the epiphyseal plate?
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made of hyaline cartilage and is know as the "growth plate." Partitions the epiphysis and the diaphysis in younger/developing bones.
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What is the epiphyseal line?
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It is a fused joint between the epiphysis and the diaphysis when bone "closes up shop" and stops growing.
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What is articular cartilage?
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It is joint cartilage that is on the ends of long bones (mostly)
-comprised of hyaline cartilage -absorbs stress -smooth -provdes cushion |
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What are the ways to classify joints?
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By their structure and by their function
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What are some ways to classify a bone by its structure?
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1. By its connective tissue between articulating surfaces of bones
2.By the presence of space between the articulating joints. |
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Name some ways to classify a bone by its function and give examples.
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By describing its degree of movement or the amount of flexibility it has.
1.synarthroses 2.amphiarthroses 3.diathroses |
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What are synarthorses?
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aka:Synarthotic joints
Bones that dont move at all. very very minimal space between joints ex: Skull |
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What are amphiarthrses?
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aka:Amphiarthrotic joints
Bones that move very little and provide 'amphi-' both strength and flexibility in joints. |
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What are diathroses?
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aka:Diathrotic joints
Freely movable joints which have fluid filled joint cavities |
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Name all the fiberous joints and tell me their functional characteristic
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a.sutures: synarthrotic
b.syndesmoses: amphiarthrotic c.gomphoses: synarthrotic |
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Tell me what sutures are and give and example of one.
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They're synarthrotic joints = no movement. ex:cranial bone.
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Some fiberous joints and some cartilagenous joints develop into synostoses. What are synostoses?
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when the ends of bones grow together/fuse. ex:left and right frontal bone in a fetal skull, the fusion of sacral bones, the fusion of the os-coxa.
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Tell me what syndesmoses are and give an example of one.
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Theyre amphiarthrotic joints = little movement.
1.presence of a ligament or interosseous tissue membrane ONE OR THE OTHER...NOT BOTH. ex: tibiofibular joint (ankle) /distal end |
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Tell me what gomphoses are and give an example of one.
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They're synarthrotic joints = no movement. GOM = GUMS
1.Presence of periodontal ligament=holds each bone in its bony socket. ex:tooh |
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What are Cartilaginous Joints?
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they have articular cartilage, but no joint cavity. They have very little movement.
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Name all of the cartilaginous joints and give their functions.
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a.Synchondroses: synarthotic=no movement
b.Symphyses: amphiarthrotic=very little movement |
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What is synchondroses?
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synarthrotic=no movement for strength
1.presence of hyaline cartilage 2.ex:epiphyseal plate and ribs to sternum |
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What are synovial joints?
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fluid filled (capsule-enclosed) joint cavity/diathrotic (think cv-joints in car)
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What are synovial joints comprised of?
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1.articular cartilage
2.joint cavity 3.articular capsule/joint capsule 4.accessory ligaments 5.articular discs 6.bursae |
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What is articular cartilage?
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comprised of hyaline cartilage/provides smooth articulating surfaces to minimize friction in joints
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What is a joint cavity?
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Capsule-enclosed compartment filled with synovial (serous) fluid
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What is an articular capsule/joint capsule?
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it's a double-layered envelope that encloses the joint cavity.
Comprised of: a.fiberous capsule b.synovial(sereus) membrane |
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What is a fiberous capsule?
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dense fiberous connective tissue that covers the outmost part of the capsule. helps prevent dislocation/provides stability
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What is a synovial (serous) membrane
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holds in synovial fluid. Inner lining of the articular capsule. Produces synovial fluid.
NOT EPITHELIAL CONNECTIVE TISSUE |
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What are accessory ligaments comprised of?
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capsular ligament
extracapsular ligament intracapsular ligament |
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what is a capsular ligament
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embedded in the wall of the capsule of a ligament (fiberous capsule made of dense fiberous connective tissue)
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what is an extracapsular ligament?
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resides outside of the fiberous capsule of a ligament
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What is an intracapsular ligament?
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ligament inside of the fiberous capsule
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What is an articular disc?
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compsied of a meniscus - pads of fibrocartilage that bears great weight in things like the knee. shock absorber which adds stability.
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What is a bursae?
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Flattened fiberous sacks that cushion and contain synovial fluid.
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