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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
carotid sheath consists of
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vagosympathetic trunk, carotid artery
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______ vein (of neck) is not in horse or donkey, but is found dog and cat
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internal jugular vein is not present horse or donkey (like there is in the dog)
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Name boundaries of jugular vein
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External jugular vein in jugular groove:
- bordered dorsally by cleidomastoideus m. (part of brachiocephalicus) - bordered ventrally by the sternocephalicus - medially by the omohyoideus, which seperates it from carotid sheath - is covered by the cutaneous colli m. which is why venipuncture is done in cranial neck |
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what should superficial cervical lymph node never be called in donkey and horse?
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Never say "prescapular", only superficial cervical lymph node
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_____ muscle is most developed in horse, runs over supraspinatus muscle
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Subclavius muscle is most developed in horse and goat; it is a pectoral muscle, runs over supraspinatus m.
~it is small in cow, absent in carnivores |
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what does sternocephalicus m. in horse extend to and from?
how does structure of sternocephalicus m. vary among species? |
extends from sternum to head
how does structure of sternocephalicus m. vary among species? NOT divided in pig, horse, sheep but divided in carnivore, ox, goat |
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What is sternocephalicus m. called in horse?
specific name(s) What is sternocephalicus m. called in cow and goat? specific name(s) |
sternomandibularus m.
sternomastoid m. sternomandibularis m. |
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What parts of brachiocephalicus m. present in horse?
specific name(s) |
cleiodomastoideus is the upper part of the brachiocephalicus
lower portion known as cleidobrachialis |
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Name 2 extrinsic m. of thoracic. limb that are inseparable in horse?
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● Brachiocephalicus (outer) overlaps omotransversarius (inner)
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Carotid sheath in horse? what is in it?
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The Carotid sheath
( i). Common carotid (ii). Vagosympathetic trunk NO INTERNAL JUGULAR VEIN IN THE HORSE. |
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what is in visceral space of neck?
what are ventral boundaries of visc.space? |
trachea, esophagus,
Carotid sheath (common carotid, vagosympathetic trunk) Recurrent laryngeal nerve Tracheal duct ventral boundaries: Strap muscles (sternohyoideus and sternothyroideus) |
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"Prime mover" (advancing) of thoracic limb in horse?
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● brachiocephalicus
(omotransversarius m. is adjuvant or assists brachiocephalicus in advancing forelimb) |
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○ Prime muscle of retraction (for equine forelimb)?
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● Latissimus dorsi m
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Name parts of rhomboideus m. in horse:
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○ cervical and thoracic parts
○ no capitus part like in dog ○ located under (deep to) trapezius m. |
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Nuchal ligament in horse is divided into what two parts?
Describe location relative to each other? Where do they attach? |
● Nuchal ligament is divided into two parts
FUNICULAR part (is above/dorsal to the laminar part) ○ arises from occipital protuberance, w/o attaching C1-2 ○ paired throughout; fuses with laminar part at C3 LAMINAR part (more ventral) ○ fenestrated from Latin funiculus, dim. of funis “a cord, rope"; and lamina means "thin sheet." |
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What is the vertebral formula of a horse?
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C7, T18, L6, S5, Ca15-21
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What are the free moving regions of the vertebral column?
Where does the least amount of movement occur? |
* greater flexibility in cervical and caudal
*mov''t in thoracolumbar region is limited b/c of large transverse processes |
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What are the movements of the vertebral column?
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Dorsal, ventral, and lateral flexion
Some rotation |
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What are the three reasons that the thorax and lumbar region have the least amount of movement?
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Interspinous ligaments
Intertransverse ligaments Lumbar transverse processes (synovial joints b/t 4th & 5th and 6th & sacrum Also lumbar area is short compared to other species, interverteral disk thin |
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What is the most "mobile" JOINT of the horse vertebral column and why?
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Lumbosacral joint, for transmission of propulsion from pelvic limbs to cranial part of body
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What is the proportion of weight bearing for the forelimbs and hindlimbs in the horse?
Main function of forelimbs? hindlimbs? |
55 : 45
forelimbs bear more weight b/c of large neck and head Forelimbs – for postural function, mainly hindlimbs – for propulsion, mainly. |
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Dorsoscapular ligament:
Arises from where? Inserts where? Identify borders? |
Formed by thoracolumbar fascia! in interscapular region! (withers), extends from *T2-T5*, and arises ventral to ligamentum nuchae and medial to rhomboideus (thoracis) muscle.
Remember T2-T5! |
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What are the three layers of the dorsoscapular ligament and what do they attach to?
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Superficial layer - ribs (laterally)
Middle layer - ribs (proximally) Deep layer - transverse processes |
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What ligament inhibits spread of infection of underlying tissue, but permits craniocaudal spread of an infection?
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Dorsoscapular ligament
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Dorsoscapular ligament is part of the _______mechanism of the forelimb because of its attachment to __________?
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'concussion absorption mechanism' of the forelimb because of its attachment to TRANSVERSE processes
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What membrane must be punctured in order to get to subarachnoid space (to obtain CSF)?
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atlanto-occipital memrane
(also Dura mater & Arachnoid) |
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What are the muscles of the neck in the horse?
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Cleidomastoideus (brachiocephalicus)
Sternomandibularis (sternocephalicus) Splenius cervicis Splenius capitis Sternohyoid Sternothyroideus Longus capitis Longus coli |
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What is different in the atlanto-occipital joint of the horse compared to the dog?
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Presence of longitudinal ligament of the dens and ligament of the apex of the dens
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What is continuous (cranially) with the supraspinous ligament?
Where do they meet? Hint: it's origin is the external occipital protuberance, and is significantly widened at the withers? |
FUNICULAR PART of ligamentum nuchae is continuous with the supraspinous ligament at *T3*
p.230 in pasquini's red book FYI: (supraspinous ligament extends along summits of spinous processes of caudal, sacral, lumbar and thoracic vertebrae). |
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What part of the ligamentum nuchae is fenestrated ventrally, b/t C2 and C7, and attaches to the spinous processes of T1 to T4?
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Laminar part
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What are three bursa that are associated with the nuchal ligament?
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Cranial nuchal bursa
Caudal nuchal bursa Supraspinous bursa |
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What bursa lies between the funicular part of the nuchal ligament and the summit of the spinous process of T3, is congenital, and can cause fistulous withers when inflamed?
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Supraspinous bursa
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What muscle covers the external jugular vein caudoventrally?
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Cutaneous colli muscle
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What are the boundaries of the visceral space in the neck dorsally?
ventrally? |
*Longus colli and longus capitis
*strap muscles (sternohyoideus, sternothyroideus) |
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What are the boundaries of the visceral space in the neck laterally?
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Omohyoideus and sternocephalicus
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What are the boundaries of the visceral space in the neck dorsally?
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Longus colli and longus capitis
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How many pairs of ribs does the horse have?
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18
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At standing position, where is the caudal angle of the scapula?
At standing position, where is the point of the elbow? |
7th rib
5th rib |
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Where is the vertex of the diaphragm?
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lower part of the 6th intercostal space or 7th rib
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If the left tracheobonchial ln. is enlarged, what may happen?
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Pressure on left recurrent laryngeal nerve, roaring
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fistulous withers
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When Supraspinous bursa inflamed, and ruptures
bursa Lies between the funicular part and the summit of the spinous process of T3. Surgical intervention at the level of a vertical line through the tuber spinae of the scapula. |
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What muscle seperates external jugular vein from common carotid in cranial neck?
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omohyoideus m., only present in horse and ox
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How does the nuchal ligament differ between the ruminant and the horse?
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Horses have:
Cranial bursa Caudal bursa Supraspinous bursa Ligament is paired through entire length |