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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define tissue.
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groups of cells with similar structure and function
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What are the four principal human tissue types?
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epithelium (covering)
connective (support) muscle (movement) nervous (control) |
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Fertilization produces a ______ that undergoes repeated ____ _________ form a __________ that contains three primary germ cell layers.
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zygote; cell divisions; blatocycst
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Each germ layer participates in the formation of one or more tissue types. What are they?
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Ectoderm (neural tissue)
Mesoderm (connective & muscular) Endoderm (epithelium). |
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What are the two types of epithelial tissue?
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1. Covering and lining
2. Glandular |
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What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
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Protection, absorption, filtration, excretion, secretion
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What are the characteristics of epithelial tissue?
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1. Cellularity - composed entirely of cells
2. Specialized contacts - fit close together to form continuous sheets of cells 3. Polarity - epithelium always has one free surface (apical) and one bound surface (basal) 4. Avascularity - no blood vessels associated with epithelium, nutrients diffuse into cells 5. Basement membrane - basal surface of epithelium rests on thin supporting basal lamina (glycoproteins); connective tissue under basal lamina secrete collagenous fibers that make a layer called reticular lamina (basal + reticular lamina - basement membrane) 6. Regeneration - epithelium undergo mitosis |
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Epithelia are classified according to their ____ and ________.
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shape; arrangement
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The shape of epithelia are classified as...
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squamal cuboidal, columnar, pseudostratified
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The arrangement of epithelia are classified as ...
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simple of stratified
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What are the types of epithelium?
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Simple squamal, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, pseudostratified, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar, and transitional
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Define Simple squama; their location and function.
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Single layer of flattened cells; located in air sacs of lungs, capillaries, and kidney glomerulus; functions in the passage of material (filtration and diffusion) and secretion
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Define Simple cuboidal;their location and function.
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Single layer of cube-shaped cells; located in kidney tubules and ovary surface; functions in secretion and absorption
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What is the function of Simple columnar?
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Function in absorption and secretion (of mucus and enzymes).
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Define Simple Columnar and their location.
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Single layer of column-shaped cells non-ciliated line the digestive tract and gall bladder, ciliated line small bronchi of lungs and line uterine tubes
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Pseudostratified (columnar) are_____?
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Single layer of cells of differing height
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Pseudostratified (columnar) cells are located where? Their function is?
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Non- ciliated lines male urethra, ciliated lines the trachea and most of the upper respiratory tract; functions in the secretion of mucus.
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Define Stratified squamal; their location and function.
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Many layers of flattened cells;non-keratinized lines esophagus, mouth, and vagina, keratinized lines epidermis;functions in protection
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Define Stratified cuboidal; their location and function.
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Many layers of cube-shaped cells; found in ducts of sweat, mammary, and salivary glands; functions in protection.
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Define Stratified columnar; their location and function.
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Many layers of column-shaped cells; located in large passageways of respiratory tract and also found in the male urethra; functions in protection.
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Define Transitional (a type of epithelium); its function and location.
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Many layers of cells with various shapes; lines the ureters and bladder; functions in the distension of organs
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Glandular epithelia is a______?
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Gland - one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product
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Define Glandular epithelium
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Glandular epithelium is classified as being unicellular or multicellular as well as exocrine or endocrine.
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Define Endocrine
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Ductless glands, secreting chemical messengers (hormones) directly into an extracellular space then diffuse into the blood or lymph.
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Define Exocrine
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Glands that secret products into a duct. They are more numerous than endocrine glands.
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What are examples of Exocrine glands?
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Examples: sweat and oil, salivary, liver, pancreas, mammary, and mucous.
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Exocrine glands are classified as_________?
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Unicellular or multicellular
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Where are Unicellular Exocrine glands located?
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Exocrine glands are cells interposed in and between epithelium.
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Describe Unicellular Exocrine Glands.
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These glands do
These glands do not have ducts, yet are single cells that produce mucin (glycoprotein) which becomes mucus when dissolved in water |
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What two structural elements are Multicellular exocrine glands composed of ?
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An epithelium-derived duct and a secretory unit (secretory cells).
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What are the types of Multicellular Exocrine Glands?
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Merocrine glands;
Halocrine glands; Apocrine glands |
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What do Merocrine glands do?
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Secrete products (as soon as product are made) by xocytosis.
Examples....pancreas, sweat, and salivary. |
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Give an example of a unicellular exocrine gland.
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Example: goblet cells between intestinal columnar epithelium.
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Halocrine glands
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Accumulation of products, then apex of cell pinches off. example... mammary glands.
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Apocrine glands
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Accumulation of products, then apex of cell pinches off. example... mammary glands.
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What is the function of connective tissue?
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Binding and support, protection, insulation, transportation
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What are the characteristics of connective tissue?
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Common origin: originate from mesenchyme (embryonic tissue);
Degrees of vascularity: extent of blood supply; Extracellular matrix: deposits of glycoproteins, fibrous proteins (elastic collagen, and reticular fibers), as well as minerals.. |
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Connective tissue cells are referred to as being a _____or ______.
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"Blast" or "Cyte
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When connective tissue cells are referred to as being a "blast" or "cyte it depends on ?
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Their age / function
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What are blast cells.
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Blast cells are active cells that secrete both fibers and ground substance (matrix).
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What are cyte cells?
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Cyte cells are mature cells that maintain (repair or regenerate) matrix.
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Examples of connective tissue cell types are ________?
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Connective tissue proper - fibroblasts/fibrocytes
Cartilage - chondroblast/chondrocyte Blood - hemocytoblast/hemocyte Bone - osteoblast/osteocyte |
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Name Connective tissue classes
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Embryonic Tissue
Connective Tissue Proper |
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Connective Tissue Proper
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Includes those connective tissues with many types of cells and extracellular fibers in a syrupy ground substance.
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Loose Connective Tissue types:
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Areolar
Adipose Reticular |
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Areolar tissue
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Matrix contains all three fiber types; widely distributed under epithelium; forms lamina propria and wraps and cushions organs.
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Adipose tissue
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Matrix contains sparse amount of all three tissue types; adipocytes have a flattened nucleus as a result of fat droplets contained inside of cell; used as fuel resource.
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Reticular tissue
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Reticular fibers w reticular cells in loose ground substance; found in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen; fibers form internal skeleton that supports other cell types
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Dense Connective Tissue types:
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Dense regular
Dense irregular Elastic connective |
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Dense Regular Tissue
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Fibroblasts with collagen fibers; forms ligaments (connecting bone to bone), tendons (connecting bone to muscle), and aponeurosis (connecting muscle to muscle).
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Define irregular connective tissue?
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Irregularly arranged collagen fibers with fibroblast; found in the dermis of the skin and fibrous joint capsules;withstands tension and provides strength.
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Define elastic connective tissue?
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Fibroblasts with elastic fibers; found in the walls of the aorta and vocal cords; provides durability and strength.
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What are supporting connective tissue?
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Supporting connective tissue protect soft tissues and support the weight of or all of the body.
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Types of supporting connective tissue are?
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Cartilage and bone
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Types of cartilage are:
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Hyaline cartilage
Elastice cartilage Fribro cartilage |
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What is hyaline cartilage?
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Chondroblasts produce matrix with collagen fibers, chrondrocytes located within lacunae (spaces); found in ribs, nose, trachea, and the larynx; supports and reinforces.
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What does elastic cartilage do?
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Supports external ear; maintains shape and structure. Chondroblasts produce matrix with elastic fibers
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What is fibro (fibrous) cartilage?
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Matrix similar to hyaline but less firm and also contains more and thicker collagen fibers; component of intervertebral discs; gives tensile strength.
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What are supporting connective tissue?
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They are tissue that protect soft tissues and support the weight of part or all of the body.
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Supporting connective tissue are ______ and ________.
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Cartilage and bone.
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Define dense irregular connective tissue?
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Irregularly arranged collagen fibers with fibroblast; found in the dermis of the skin and fibrous joint capsules;withstands tension and provides strength.
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What are characteristics of bone or osseous tissue?
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Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae; high vascularized; forms skeletal system; provides support and protection as well as blood production
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Red and white blood cells are a type of _________connective tissue.
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Fluid
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What are red blood cells?
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Formed elements responsible for the transport of oxygen in the blood.
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What are white blood cells?
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Formed elements that help defend the body from infection and disease.
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Red and white blood cells are located where?
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Located in blood vessels; transports respiratory gases, wastes, nutrients, etc
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What is muscular tissue?
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Highly vascularized muscular tissue is comprised of elongated cells (called fibers) containing myofilaments (actin and myosin proteins).
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What are the three types of muscular tissue:
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Skeletal
Cardiac Smooth |
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Characteristics of skeletal muscular tissue?
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Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with striations (specific arrangement of actin and myosin); attached to skeleton and skin; under voluntary control; provides movement
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Characteristics of cardiac muscular tissue?
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Branching uninucleate striated cells with junctions (intercalated discs); located in the walls of the heart; is under involuntary control; propels blood (circulation).
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Characteristics of smooth muscular tissue?
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Spindle-shaped uninucleate cells without striations; found in the walls of hollow organs; under involuntary control; propels substances.
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Characteristics of nervous tissue (nervous system)?
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Conducts electrical impulses and has integrative functions;
tissue is composed of neurons which are branching cells located in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Neurons transmit electrochemical signals from sensory receptors to effectors. |
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What are neurons?
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Neurons are composed of dendrites, a cell body, and an axon.
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