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212 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Colonial Flagellate Hypothesis |
According to this hypothesis, animals are descended from an ancestor thatresembled a hollow spherical colony of flagellated cells |
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Choanoflagellates |
Living protozoans most closely related toanimals |
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Germ Layers |
The first three tissue layers that give rise to the organs and organ systems of complex animals. |
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Diploblastic |
Having only two tissue layers as embryos. |
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Triploblastic |
Having three tissue layers as embryos and these animals develop further |
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Endoderm & Ectoderm |
Enumerate the two tissue layers of diploblastic embryos |
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Endoderm, Mesoderm & Ectoderm |
Enumerate the three tissue layers of triploblastic embryos |
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Cnidarians & comb jellies |
Examples of diploblastic organisms |
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Assymetrical |
Type of symmetry where organisms have no particular body shape. |
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Radial |
Type of symmetry where an imaginary line slice through the central axis dividing the animal into mirror images |
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Sponges |
Example of animal with assymetrical symmetry |
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Cnidarians & comb jellies |
Example of animals with radial symmetry |
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Bilateral |
Type of symmetry where organisms have definite left and right half, and only a longitudinal cut down the center ofthe animal will produce two equal halves. |
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Cephalization |
The location of a brain and specialized sensory organs at the anterior end of an animal |
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Coelom |
A body cavity completely lined by tissue derived from mesoderm |
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Coelomates |
They have true coelom |
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Pseudocoelomates |
Have a body cavity lined by tissue derived from mesoderm and by tissue derived from endoderm |
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Cell cleavage |
Process by which the number of cells in a developing embryo is multiplied through cell division |
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Spiral, determinate |
Cleavage of a developing protostome |
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Radial, indeterminate |
Cleavage of a developing deuterostome |
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Schizocoelous |
Solid masses of mesoderm split to form coelom |
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Enterocoelous |
Folds of archenteron form coelom |
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Gastrula |
What stage do coelom formation begin? |
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Mouth |
In protostome development, what forms from the blastospore? |
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Anus |
In deutorostome development, what forms from the blastospore? |
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Ecdysozoa & lophotrochozoa |
The 2 groups of protostome |
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Lophophores & trochophores |
The 2 groups of lophotrochozoa |
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Open system |
Circulatory system where fluid leaves blood vessels |
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Closed system |
Circulatory system where fluid stays in blood vessels |
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Segmentation |
Having a body composed of units that repeat along its length |
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Porifera |
Phylum that includes sponges |
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Sponges |
They lack true tissues and have a cellular level of organization |
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Mesohyl |
Gelatinous matrix separating the two layers of a sponge's wall |
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Pores |
Structures formed by doughnut-shaped cells through which water enters the sponge |
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Spongocoel |
Cavity inside a sponge where water passing through pores enter |
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Choanocytes |
Flagellated cells lining the spongocoel that creates a current that draws water in through the pores and out through the osculum |
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Amoebocytes |
Cells that transport nutrients to other cells of a sponge's body, produce material for spicules or become any type of sponge cell as needed |
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Callyspongia plicifera |
Scientific name of the Azure vase sponge |
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Spongin |
A modified form of collagen that all sponges have |
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Aplysina fistularis |
Scientific name of the yellow tube sponge |
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Spicules |
Small needle-shaped structures with one to six rays that forms the endoskeleton of sponges |
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Siliceous, spongin & calcareous |
3 types of spicules used to classify sponges |
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Ctenophora |
Phylum that includes the comb jellies |
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Comb jellies (Ctenophora) |
Solitary, mostly free swimming marine organisms that are diploblastic and have radial symmetry whose bodies are made up of mesoglea and does not have stinging cells |
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Combs |
The beating cilia of comb jellies |
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Mesoglea |
Transparent, jellylike substance that makes up comb jellies |
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Colloblasts |
Sticky adhesive cells of comb jellies used to capture prey |
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Bioluminescent |
Having the capability to produce their own light |
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Cnidaria |
Phylum that includes the hydras, corals, & jellyfishes |
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Cnidocytes |
Specialized stinging cells of cnidarians |
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Nematocyst |
Fluid-filled capsule inside the cnidocyte that contains a long, spirally coiled hollow thread |
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Gastrodermis |
Inner body wall layer of cnidarians derived from endoderm |
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Gastrovascular cavity |
Internal cavity of cnidarians where the gastrodermis secretes digestive juices into |
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Medusozoans & Anthozoans |
2 Groups of Cnidarians |
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Scyphozoa, Cubozoa & Hydrozoa |
3 Classes of Medusozoans |
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Chironex fleckeri |
Scientific name of sea wasp |
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Physalia physalis |
Scientific name of the Portuguese man-of-war |
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Epitheliomuscular cells |
The cells of the epidermis of hydrozoans |
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Interstitial cells |
Cells in the epidermis of hydrozoans that are capable of becoming an ovary and/or testis |
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Planula |
Solid, ciliated larva of Obelia |
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Fringing |
Reef ecosystem where the reef grow close to the shore |
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Barrier |
Reef ecosystem where reefs grow close to the shore but they have a lagoon that separates it from the shore |
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Atoll |
A ring of coral that grows on a submerged volcano or mountain |
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Lophophore |
Feeding apparatus of lophophorates that is made up of a crown of ciliated tentacles around their mouth |
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Plumatella repens |
Scientific name of the creeping bryozoan |
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Terebratulina retusa |
Scientific name of the lampshell |
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Ectoprocts & Brachiopods |
2 groups of lophophorates |
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Ectoprocts |
Colonial animals that resemble clumps of moss |
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Brachiopods (lamp shells) |
Resemble bivalves but its two halves shell are dorsal and ventral rather than lateral |
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Platyhelminthes |
Phylum that inclues flatworms |
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Flatworms |
Triploblastic aceolomates who have bodies that are flattened dorsoventrally |
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Flame bulbs (Protonephridia) |
Network of tubules with ciliated structures in platyhelminthes that pull fluid through ducts opening to the outside |
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Dugesia |
Genus of planaria |
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Planaria |
Free-living platyhelminthes that are abundant in unpolluted streams & ponds and use cilia for movement |
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Ganglia |
Dense cluster of nerve cells at the anterior end of a planaria |
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Ventral nerve cords |
Runs from the ganglia to the length of the planarian's body |
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Trematodes |
Parasitic platyhelminthes that requires an intermediate host before infecting the final host |
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Schistosoma |
Genus of blood flukes |
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Schistosomiasis |
Also known as snail fever, is a disease whose symptoms include pain, anemia & diarrhea |
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Miracidia |
Ciliated larva of blood flukes that enter a snail |
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Cercariae |
Developing larvae of blood flukes that are inside a snail |
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Cestodes |
Parasitic platyhelminthes that live mostly inside vertebrates |
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Scolex |
Anterior end of tapeworms with suckers and hooks that is used to attach itself to the intestinal lining of its host |
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Proglottids |
Posterior of tapeworms that are sacs of sex organs |
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Taenia |
Genus of tapeworm |
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Turbellaria, Trematoda & Cestoda |
3 classes of platyhelminthes |
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Convoluta |
Example of Turbellaria |
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Schistosoma & Fasciola |
Examples of Trematoda |
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Taenia & Protocephalus |
Examples of Cestoda |
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Rotifera |
Wheel animalcules or wheel bearers |
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Rotifers |
Smaller than many protists but anatomically complex than flatworms |
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Corona |
Crown of cilia in the head of Rotifers that is used for locomotion & feeding |
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Alimentary canal |
Mouth & anus of rotifers |
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Trophi |
Jaw of rotifers posterior to the mouth that grinds up food |
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Bdelloidea |
Class of Rotifers that reproduce asexually for 50 million years |
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Mollusca |
Phylum that includes chitons, limpets, slugs, snails, abalones, conchs, nudibranches, clams, scallops, squids & octopuses |
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Bivalvia, Gastropoda, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, Monoplacophora & Cephalopoda |
5 Classes of Phylum Mollusca |
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Radula |
Rasping, tonguelike organ of molluscs that bears many rows of teeth |
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Visceral mass, mantle & foot |
3 Parts of a mollusc's body plan |
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Visceral mass |
The internal organs of molluscs |
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Mantle |
A fold of tissue that covers the visceral mass of molluscs that also secretes the shell |
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Mantle cavity |
Space between the mantle folds that houses the gills, anus & excretory pores of molluscs |
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Foot |
Muscular organ used by molluscs for locomotion, attachment, food capture, and others |
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Metanephridium |
Excretory organs that remove metabolic wastes from the hemolymph of molluscs |
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Hemolymph |
Circulatory fluid of molluscs |
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Blue hemocyanin |
Respiratory pigment of molluscs |
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Trocophore |
Ciliated larva stage of molluscs |
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Polyplacophora (Chitons) |
Members of this class have oval-shaped, unsegmented bodies with shells composed of eight dorsal plates |
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Gastropoda |
Class of Phylum Mollusca that includes snails & slugs |
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Bivalvia |
Class of Phylum Mollusca that includes clams, oysters, shipworms, mussels and scallops |
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Hinge |
Marginal process of the dorsal side of bivalves where the valves are articulated |
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Ligament |
Elastic & poorly calcified structure of bivalves connecting the valves used to open the shells |
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Adductor muscles |
Structures in bivalves used to close/pull the shells fixed at inner valve sides |
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Mytilus edulis |
Species of mussels |
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Pecten |
Genus of scallop |
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Cephalopoda |
Class of Phylum Mollusca that are made up of active marine predators that have well-developed sense organs |
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Octopus |
Cephalopod that has well developed brains and a remarkable capacity for learning; considered to be among the most intelligent invertebrates |
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Chambered nautiluses |
Small group of cephalopods with external shells |
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Jet propulsion |
Cephalopods are propelled by? |
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Architeuthis dux |
Scientific name of giant squid |
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Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni |
Scientific name of colossal squid |
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Ammonites |
Shelled cephalopods that were the dominant invertebrate predators of the seas until their disappearance during the Cretaceous mass extinction |
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Annelida |
Phylum also called segmented worms |
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Annelida |
Phylum that includes earthworms, marine worms & leeches |
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Polychaete, Oligochaeta & Hirudinea |
3 Traditional groups of Annelids |
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Errantia & Sedentaria |
2 Clades of Annelids according to Polygenomic studies |
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Errantia |
Annelid clade that are marine and mostly motile; segmented with paddle-like structures for locomotion; has chaetae; & has well developed jaws and sensory organs |
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Chaetae |
Bristles made of chitin found at the tips of parapodia in Errantia |
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Parapodia |
Prominent paddle-like or ridge-like structures used by Errantia for locomotion |
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Nereimyra punctate |
Scientific name of an example of Errantia |
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Cirri |
Long, sensory organs that extend from the burrow of Errantia that is used for hunting & detecting its prey |
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Sedentaria |
Clade less mobile than Errantia and contains oligochaetes, leeches & earthworms |
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Spirobranchus giganteus |
Scientific name of Christmas tree worm |
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Hirudo medicinalis |
Scientific name of a leech |
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Hirudin |
A chemical secreted by leeches which keeps the host's blood from coagulating near the incision |
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Lumbricus terrestris |
Scientific name of earthworms |
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Gizzard |
Thick muscular structure that grinds up food in earthworms |
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Nephrostome |
Opening of the metanephridia that collects coelomic fluid in earthworms |
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Clitellum |
Secretes mucus that holds in place earthworms when they mate and also protects the sperm from drying out |
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Nematoda |
Phylum that includes the roundworms |
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Roundworms |
Nonsegmented, colorless worms that are free living and/or parasitic |
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Caenorhabditis elegans |
Scientific name of a free-living nematode |
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Ascaris |
Nematode than can cause pneumonia-like symptoms when in the lungs; or malnutrition, blockage of bile duct, pancreatic duct & appendix when in the intestines |
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Elephantiasis |
A disease in humans caused by the filarial worm |
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Wuchereria bancrofti (Filarial worm) |
Scientific name of the worm that causes elephantiasis |
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Arthropoda |
Phylum whose members have well-regionalized, segmented bodies; hard exoskeletons; and jointed appendages |
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Trilobite |
Early arthropods |
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Hallucigenia |
A lobopod that is an ancestor of arthropods |
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Head, thorax & abdomen |
The 3 Pairs of Jointed Appendages in Arthropods |
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Jointed appendages |
Hollow tubes of arthropods moved by muscles |
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Gills |
Vascularized, highly convoluted, thin walled tissue that are found in marine athropods |
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Chelicerata |
Arthropod subphylum that includes sea spiders, horseshoe crabs, scorpions, ticks, mites & spiders |
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Myriapoda |
Arthropod subphylum that includes centipedes and millipedes |
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Pancrustacea |
Arthropod subphylum that includes insects, lobsters, shrimp, barnacles and other crustaceans |
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Chelicerae |
Clawlike feeding appendages of chelicerates |
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Arachnids |
Chelicerates that have cephalothorax, andomen and 6 pairs of appendages; includes scorpions, spiders, ticks and mites |
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Chelicerae |
6 pairs of appendages found in the mouth of arachnids |
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Pedipalps |
Pair of appendages found in arachnids that are used in sensing, feeding, defense, or reproduction |
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Book lungs |
Stacked platelike structures contained in an internal chamber inside spiders used for gas exchange |
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Web of silk |
A liquid protein produced by specialized abdominal glands of spiders |
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Spinnerets |
Organs than spin silk in spiders |
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Ballooning |
Behavior observed when small spiders extrude silk into the air and let themselves be transported by wind |
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Horseshoe crabs |
Marine living fossils of arthropods |
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Prosoma |
Front shell of horseshoe crabs |
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Opisthosoma |
Back shell of horseshoe crabs |
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Telson |
Spike-like tail of horseshoe crabs |
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Hemocyanin |
Blue colored protein found in horseshoe crabs that is due to the copper that transports the oxygen |
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Diplopoda & Chilopoda |
2 Classes of Myriapods |
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Millipedes (Diplopoda) |
Myriapods that have 2 pairs of legs in each segment and eats decaying leaves and other plant matter |
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Centipedes (Chilopoda) |
Myriapods that only have 1 pair of legs in each segment and are carnivores |
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Crustacea |
Class of pancrustacea that includes copepods, krills, decopods, barnacles |
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Biramous appendages |
Thorax and abdomen of crustaceans |
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Decapods |
Order of crustaceans that includes lobsters, crabs, crayfish, hermit crabs & shrimp |
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Grapsus grapsus |
Scientific name of Sally lightfoot crab |
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Lysmata grasbhami |
Scientific name of Red-backed cleaning shrimp |
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Diaptomus |
Genus of copepod |
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Lepas anatifera |
Scientific name of Gooseneck barnacles |
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Ghost crabs |
Nocturnal crabs that live on sandy ocean beaches worldwide and take shelter in burrows during the day |
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Krill |
Planktonic crustaceans are consumed in vast quantities by some whales |
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Pereopods |
Walking legs of shrimps |
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Pleopods |
Swimmerets or swimming legs of shrimps |
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Carapace |
Nonsegmented structure covering the cephalothorax |
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Claspers |
Strong paddlelike structures used to pass sperm to the female crayfish |
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Uropods & telson |
Last 2 segments of shrimps/crayfish that is a fan-shaped tail |
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Chelicerata, Myriapoda & Pancrustacea |
3 Subphyla of Arthropods |
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Crustacea & Hexapoda |
2 Classes of Subphylum Pancrustacea |
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Calcareous, Demospongiae & Hexactinellida |
3 Groups of Sponges |
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Echinoderms |
Slow-moving or sessile marine animals that have thin epidermis that covers an endoskeleton of hard calcareous dermal ossicles or plates; most species are prickly |
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Asteroidea, Ophiuroidea, Echinoidea, Holothuroidea, & Crinoidea |
5 Clades of Echinodermata |
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Asteroidea (Sea stars) |
Echinoderm clade whose members have arms radiating from a central disk |
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Madreporite |
Allows water to flow in or out of the water vascular system of asteroidea |
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Ampulia |
Bulb-like structures that make up each tube foot of asteroideans that when squeezed, forces water into the podium |
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Acanthaster planci |
Scientific name of Crown of thorns |
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Crown of thorns |
Coral-killing sea star that feed on reef building corals and cause widespread devastation of coral populations affecting reef fish & benthic communities |
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Ophiuroidea |
Clade of Echinodermata that includes the brittle stars |
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Brittle stars (Ophiuroidea) |
Echinoderms that have distinct central disk and long, flexible arms |
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Echinoidea |
Clade of Echinodermata that includes sea urchins & sand dollars |
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Echinoidea |
Echinoderms that have no arms and have 5 radially arranged groups of tube feet |
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Aristotle's lantern |
Highly complex, jaw-like structures surrounding the mouth of echinoideans |
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Crinoidea |
Clade of Echinodermata that includes sea lilies and feather stars |
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Holothuroidea |
Clade of Echinodermata that includes sea cucumbers |
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Sea cucumbers (Holothuroidea) |
Echinoderms that lack spines and have reduced endoskeleton |
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Evisceration |
Removal of guts of echinoderms that is used for defense or if they are threatened |
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Lancelets & tunicates |
2 Basal Groups of Invertebrates |
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Notochord |
Dorsal, hollow nerve cord of chordates |
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Cephalochordata |
Subphylum of Chordata that includes the lancelets/Amphioxus |
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Branchiostoma |
Example of lancelets |
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Urochordata |
Subphylum of Chordata that includes the sea squirts/tunicates |
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Agnatha, Amphibia, Aves, Chondrichthyes, Mammalia, Osteichthyes, Reptilia & Sarcopterygii |
Enumerate the 8 Classes of Subphylum Vertebrata |
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Monotremes, Marsupials, & Placentals |
Enumerate the 3 Groups of Mammalia |
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Ctenophora, Annelida, Nematoda, Cnidaria, Echinodermata, Rotifera, Chordata, Arthropoda, Mollusca, Porifera & Platyhelminthes, |
Enumerate the 11 Phylums of Kingdom Animalia |
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Cephalocordata, Urochordata & Vertebrata |
3 Groups of Chordates |