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73 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
carrying capacity |
the ability of an environment to support a population |
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What does cultural ecology stress? |
human adaption to the environment |
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2 things cultural ecology examine |
1. how a population maintains itself 2. how and why the system change |
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2 factors of getting energy |
1. food selection 2. actual manipulation of energy flow |
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food desert |
An area that doesn't have grocery stores or offer fresh food |
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optimal foraging theory |
A theory that foragers choose those species of plants and animals that have high calorie intake for hunting |
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foraging |
hunting and gathering |
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neolithic revolution |
a stage in human cultural evolution that switches from hunting and gathering to killing plants and animals |
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locavore |
A person who is committed to eating foods grown locally in the community |
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freegan |
basically dumpster divers |
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horticulture |
small scale crop cultivation |
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shifting cultivation |
Slash and burn method |
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pastoralism |
a food getting strategy based on animal husbandry |
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transhumance |
the movement pattern of pastoralists in which some of the men move livestock seasonally |
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nomadism |
the movement pattern of pastoralists involving the periodic migration of human populations in search of food |
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intensive agriculture |
intensive work on land with plows and draft animals |
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industrialization |
a process resulting in the economic change from home production of goods to large scale mechanized factory production |
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5 major food procurement categories |
1.food foraging 2. horticulture 3. pastoralism 4. Intensive agriculture 5. industrial agriculture |
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economics |
a peoples system of production, distribution, and consumption of material goods and services
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what is the foundation of any economic system |
food getting |
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Murdocks 5 economic modes |
1. collecting 2. hunting 3. fishing 4. animal husbandry 5. agriculture |
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Polanyis 3 exchange mode |
1. redistribution 2. market 3. reciprocity |
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What was the goal of the kula exchange |
to not accumulate wealth but to acquire respect |
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economic anthropology |
a branch of anthropology that looks at systems of production, distribution, and consumption |
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allocation of resources |
a society's regulation and control of such resources as land, water, and their by-products |
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divisions of labor |
the assignment of day to day tasks to the various members of society |
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reciprocity |
A mode of distribution characterized by the exchange of goods where there is equal values between both parties |
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generalized reciprocity |
the practice of giving gift without expecting a gift in return |
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balanced reciprocity |
the practice of giving a gift with the expectation that a similar gift will be given in the opposite direction |
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negative reciprocity |
a form of economic exchange between individuals who try to take advantage of each other |
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market exchange |
a mode of distribution in which goods and services are brought and sold and their value is determined by the principle of supply and demand |
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barter |
the direct exchange of commodities between people that does not involve standardized currency |
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3 reasons why hunters and gatherers maintain flexible or open borders |
1. hunters follow the migration patterns of animals 2. claiming a specific territory takes time 3.claimin territory can lead to confrontation |
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role ambiguity |
confusion on how one is supposed to behave. |
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exogamy |
a rule requiring outside of one's own social or kinship group |
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endogamy |
a rule requiring marriage within a specified social or kinship group |
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cross cousins |
children of new mothers brother or fathers sister |
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Parallel Cousins |
childrens of ones mothers sister or fathers brother |
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levirate |
the practice of a man marrying the widow of his deceased brother |
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sororate |
the practice of a woman marrying the husband of her deceased sister |
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monogamy |
the martial practice of having only one spouse at a time |
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polygyny |
the marriage of a man to two or more women at the same time |
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Polyandry |
the marriage of a women to two or more men at the same time |
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bridewealth |
the transfer of goods fro one grooms lineage to the brides lineage to legitimize marriage |
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dowry |
goods or money transferred from the brides family to the groom to legalize marriage |
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Consanguineal relatives |
ones biological or blood relative |
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affinal relatives |
kinship ties formed through marriage |
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fictive kinship |
relationships among individuals who recognize kinship obligations even though the relationships are not related |
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kinship systems |
those relationships found in all societies that are based on blood or marriage |
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matrilineal descent groups |
a form of descent in which people trace their primary kin connections through their mothers |
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patrilineal descent groups |
a form of descent in which people trace their primary kin relationships through their fathers |
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cognatic descent |
a form of descent traced through both females and males |
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double descent |
rights are split between mother and fathers side |
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ambilineal descent |
A form of descent in which a person chooses to affiliate with a kin group through either the male or the female line |
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bilateral descent |
A type of kinship system in which individuals emphasize both their mothers kin and their fathers kin equally |
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kindred |
all of the relatives a person recognizes in a bilateral kinship system |
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patrilocal residence |
a residence pattern in which the married couple lives with or near the relatives of their husbands father |
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reproductive technology |
recent developments |
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8 principles of kinships |
1. generation 2. sex/gender 3. lineality versus collaterality 4. Consanguineal versus Affinal Kin 5. Relative Age 6. sec of the connecting relative 7. social condition 8. side of the family |
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2 distinct types of the rules of descent |
1. unilineal descent 2. cognatic descent |
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socialization |
the process of learning ones culture through their ways |
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encultration |
same as socialization |
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value |
anything that a group or society regards as desirable |
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core value |
one that articulates and integrates all other ways |
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conceived value |
what we say we value |
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operative value |
what we actually say real behavior |
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sanction |
any means for inducing compliance with societies expectations |
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society |
an organized and enduring group of people who cooperate and interact with each other |
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power |
the ability to influence the behavior of others or to influence the control over valued actions |
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authority |
the right to control and to expect obedience |
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3 aspects of politics |
1. public nature 2. goals of the group 3. power |
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sexual asymmetry |
the universal tendency of women to be in a subordinate position in their social relationships with men |
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genderlects |
linguistic differences in the way in which men and women may speak with their culture |