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44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Difference between fermentation and cellular respiration |
Fermentation doesn't require oxygen, but cellular respiration does |
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The formula (with names) for the catabolic degradation of glucose by cellular respiration |
Organic Compounds + Oxygen --> Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy |
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Both cellular respiration and photosynthesis are redox reactions. In redox reactions, pay attention to the flow of electrons. What is the difference between oxidation and reduction? |
Oxidation: loss of electrons Reduction: addition of electrons |
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The following is a generalized formula for a redox reaction: |
Xe- + Y --> X + Ye- |
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In the generalized formula, ___ is the reducing agent & __ is the oxidizing agent |
reducing agent: Xe- oxidizing agent: Y |
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when compounds lose electrons, they ___ energy |
lose |
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when compounds gain electrons, they ___ energy |
gain |
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In cellular respiration, electrons are not transferred directly from glucose to oxygen. Following the movement of hydrogens allows you to follow the flow of electrons. What electron carrier is hydrogen transferred to first? |
NAD+ |
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NAD+ is a coenzyme. What are coenzymes? |
An organic molecule serving as a cofactor. Most vitamins function as coenzymes in metabolic reactions. |
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Describe what happens when NAD+ is reduced. What enzyme is involved? |
The enzymatic transfer of 2 electrons and 1 proton (H+) from an organic molecule in food to NAD+ reduces the NAD+ to NADH; the second proton (H+) is released. The enzyme involved is dehydrogenase. |
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NAD+ : Oxidized or Reduced? Higher Energy/Lower Energy? |
Oxidized; lower |
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NADH : Oxidized or Reduced? Higher Energy/Lower Energy? |
Reduced; higher |
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What is the function of the electron transport chain in cellular respiration? |
It shuttles electrons down a series of redox reactions that release energy used to make ATP. |
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Electron transport involves a series of electron carriers. Where are these found in eukaryotic cells? |
Inner membrane of the mitochondria |
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Electron transport involves a series of electron carriers. Where are these found in prokaryotic cells? |
plasma membrane |
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What strongly electronegative atom, pulling electrons down the electron transport chain, is the final electron acceptor? |
oxygen |
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Three types of phosphorylation (adding a phosphate) are covered in the text, and two of these occur in cellular respiration. Explain how the electron transport chain is utilized in oxidative phosphorylation. |
This mode of ATP synthesis is powered by the redox reactions of the electron transport chain. |
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The second form of phosphorylation is ____ |
substrate level |
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What is the meaning of glycolysis? What occurs in this step of cellular respiration? |
Glycolysis means "sugar splitting"; In this step, glucose (containing 6 carbons) is split into 2 pyruvates (3 carbons) |
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The net energy yield from glycolysis, per glucose molecules, is.. |
2 ATP plus 2 NADH |
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Glycolysis occurs in the ___ of the cell. Is oxygen required? |
cytosol; no |
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To enter the citric acid cycle, pyruvate must.. |
enter the mitochondria by active transport |
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in the citric acid cycle, How many NADHs are formed? |
3 |
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in the citric acid cycle, How many total carbons are lost as pyruvate is oxidized? |
2 |
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in the citric acid cycle, The carbons have been lost in the molecule ________ |
carbon dioxide |
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in the citric acid cycle, How many FADH2 have been formed? |
1 |
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in the citric acid cycle, How many ATPs are formed? |
2 |
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How many times does the citric acid cycle occur for each molecule of glucose? |
2 |
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The step that converts pyruvate to acetyl CoA at the top of the diagram occurs twice per glucose. This oxidation of pyruvate accounts for two additional reduced ___ molecules and two molecules of C02. |
NADH |
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Explain what has happened to each of the six carbons found in the original glucose molecule. |
glucose --> pyruvate --> acetyl CoA --> CO2 |
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Oxidative phosphorylation involves two components.. |
the electron transport chain and ATP synthesis. |
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Each member of the electron transport chain is lower in free _______than the preceding member of the chain, but higher in ____________. |
energy; electronegativity |
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The molecule at zero free energy, which is _________, is lowest of all the molecules in free energy and highest in electronegativity. |
O2 |
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Why is oxygen the ultimate electron acceptor? |
It is so electronegative. |
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Oxygen stabilizes the electrons by combining with two hydrogen ions to form what compound? |
H20 |
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The two electron carrier molecules that feed electrons into the electron transport system are.. |
FADH2 and NADH |
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Explain how ATP synthase uses the flow of hydrogen ions to produce ATP. |
It acts as a rotor which allows for the production of ATP from ADP + P by activating catalytic sites in the knob |
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What does the proton-motive force do in oxidative phosphorylation? |
It drives H+ ions back across the membrane through ATP synthase |
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What occurs in chemiosmosis? |
Energy stored in the form of H+ gradient across a membrane is used to drive cellular work (such as the synthesis of ATP) |
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Why is the total count about 36 or 38 ATP molecules rather than a specific number? |
The number varies depending on what shuttle transports electrons from NADH in the cytosol |
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Fermentation allows for the production of ATP without using either ______or any ____________________ |
oxygen; electron transport chain |
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*from BIO 201 notes* what happens in alcohol fermentation? |
pyruvate is converted to ethanol in 2 steps, one of which releases CO2 |
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what happens during lactic acid fermentation? |
pyruvate is reduced directly to NADH to form lactate |
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phosphofructokinase is an allosteric enzyme that catalyzes an important step in glycolysis. Explain how this step is a control point in cellular respiration. |
Can speed up or slow down catabolic processes |