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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Accessory Inspiratory Muscles (4)
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Sternocleidomastoid
Scalenes Pectoralis Minor Serratus Anterior |
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Accessory Expiratory Muscles (5)
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Internal intercostal muscles
Internal Obliques External Obliques Rectus abdominis Transversus Thoracis |
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Primary Inspiratory Muscles (2)
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Diaphragm
External Intercostals |
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Tidal Volume
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air moved in or out during resting breathing
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Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
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air breathed in above the normal tidal volume
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Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
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air voluntarily expelled after tidal volume exhalation
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Residual volume
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air left in lungs after maximal exhalation
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Minimal volume
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air that would remain in lungs after collapse
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Inspiratory capacity
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TV+IRV = maximum amount of air that you can force into the lungs
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Vital Capacity
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ERV+TV+IRV = maximum amount of air we can exchange in one cycle of breathing
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Functional Residual capacity (FRC)
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ERV+ residual volume = amt of air left behind in lung after a resting breath
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Total lung capacity
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vital capacity+residual volume
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Respiratory minute volume
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volume of air moved per minute
breaths per minute x tidal volume |
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What are the two collections of neurons in the Medulla Oblongata and what do they do? - Level 1: Respiratory rhythmicity centers
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1) Dorsal respiratory group (DRG) - the inspiratory center -> innervates the primary inspiratory muscles, therefore, modifies regular resting breathing rate
* must activate to activate primary inhalation muscles* 2) Ventral respiratory group (VRG) - controls accessory breathing muscles when necessary |
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What is hypercapnia? What is it most commonly caused by?
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increased arterial PCO2
commonly caused by hypoventilation |
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What is hypocapnia? What is it most commonly caused by?
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decreased arterial PCO2
most commonly caused by hyperventilation |
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Heart Sounds - S1 - what is happening during this sound?
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Known as lubb
start of ventricular contraction and closure of AV valves |
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Heart sounds - S2- what is happening during this sound?
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Known as dupp
closure of semilunar valves |
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What is cardiac output (CO)?
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heart rate x stroke volume - amount of blood put out into the system in 1 minute
best overall indicator of peripheral blood flow |
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Define stroke volume
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volume ejected from ventricle in one beat
= EDV - ESV |
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List 3 influences on EDV (end diastolic volume)
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1) venous return -> the greater the venous return the greater the EDV
2) Filling time (duration of ventricular diastole) -> the slower the heart beat, the greater the filling time, the greater the EDV 3)Preload (amt of myocardial stretching) -> the more filling, the more stretching, the greater the EDV - increases SV because the ventricular muscle cells approach optimal length to generate more power |
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List 2 influences on ESV (end systolic volume)
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1) contractility (amt of force produced during a contraction at a given preload) -> the greater the contractility, the lower the ESV, the greater the SV
2) Afterload (tension necessary for ventricular ejection) -> increased by any factor that restricts arterial blood flow, the greater the afterload, the greater the ESV, the lower the SV |
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The total peripheral resistance depends on which three factors?
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1) vascular resistance - lgst component
2) viscosity 3) turbulence |
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What is net filtration pressure? What does a positive or negative answer mean?
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Net filtration = CHP - BCOP
positive at beginning of capillary bed = filtration negative by end of capillary bend = reabsorption |
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What is the term for lung collapse? (when the lung loses the adhesion to the thorax wall)
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atelectasis or pneumothorax
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What is the term for thickening or toughening of artery walls?
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ateriosclerosis
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What is the most common form of arteriosclerosis and what happens?
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Atherosclerosis - formation of lipid deposits in tunica media, associated with tunica intima damage
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Define Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
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areas of partial or complete blockage of coronary circulation - produces reduced blood flow to an area, this is known as coronary ischemia
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What are vasodilators?
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local chemicals that increase blood flow during autoregulation (local regulation of blood flow)
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