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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Parallel Processing
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The processing of several aspects of a problem simultaneously; the brains natural mode of information processing for many functions, including vision. Contrasts with the step-by-step processing of most computers and conscious problem solving.
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Blind Spot
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The point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a "blind spot" because no receptor cells are located there.
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Optic Nerve
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The nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain.
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Fovea
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The central focus point in the retina, around which the eye's cone clusters.
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Feature Detectors
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nerve cells in the brain that respond to the specific features of the stimulus, such as shape, angle, or movement.
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Cones
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receptor cells that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in daylight or in well-lit conditions; detect fine detail and give rise to color sensation.
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Rods
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The light-sensitive receptors in the retina that provide vision in dim light in black, white and shades of grey
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Sensation
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The process through which the senses pick up visual, auditory and other stimuli and transmit them to the brain; sensory information that has registered in the brain but has not been interpreted
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Perception
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The minimum amount of sensory stimulation that can be detected 50 % of the time
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Absolute Threshold
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The minimum amount of sensory stimulation that can be detected 50 % of the time
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The Difference Threshold
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The smallest increase or decrease in physical stimulus required to produce a difference in sensation that is noticeable 50% of the time
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Just Noticeable Difference (JND)
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The smallest change in sensation that we can detect 50% of the time
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Weber's Law
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The law stating that the just noticeable difference(JND) for all our senses depends on apportion or percentage of change in a stimulus rather than on a fixed amount of change
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Signal Detection Theory
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The view that detection of a sensory stimulus involves both discriminating a stimulus from background noise and deciding whether the stimulus is actually present
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Sensory Receptors
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specialized cells in sense organs that detect and respond to sensory stimuli (alight, sound, odors,etc.)and convert the stimuli to neural impulse
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Transduction
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The process by which sensory receptors convert sensory stimulation into neural impulses
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Sensory Adaptation
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The process of becoming less sensitive to an unchanging sensory stimulus over time
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Cornea
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The transparent covering of the coloured part of the eye that bends light rays inward through the pupil
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Lens
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The transparent structure behind the iris that changes in shape as it focuses images on the retina
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Retina
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The tissue at the back of the eye that contains the rods and cones and onto which the retinal image is projected
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Accommodation
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The changing in shape of the lens as it focuses on the retina; it becomes more spherical for near objects and flatter for far objects
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ADAPTATION
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process by which our senses adjust to different levels of stimulation -when you go from bright light to dim can see little-with time (10 min)cones become more sensitive-rods continue adapting for about 30 minutes
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Dark Adaptation
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The eye's increasing ability to see in dim light; results partly from dilation of the pupil
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Hue
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The property of light commonly referred to as colour (red,blue,green,etc.) determined primarily by the wavelength of light reflected from a surface
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Saturation
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The degree to which light waves producing a colour are the same wavelength; the purity of the colour
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Brightness
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The dimension of visual sensation that is dependent on the intensity of light reflected from the surface and that corresponds to the amplitude of the light wave
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Trichromatic Theory
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Theory of colour vision suggests that three are primarily 3 types of cones which are maximally sensitive to red green, or blue and that the varying levels of activity in these receptors can produce all of the colours
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Opponent-process theory
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The theory that certain cells in the visual system increase their firing rate to signal one colour and decrease their firing rate to signal the opposing colour (red/green,yellow/blue,whit/black)
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Afterimage
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the visual sensation that remains after a stimulus is withdrawn
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Frequency
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Measured in the unit hertz, the number of sound waves or cycles per second, determining the pitch of sound
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Amplitude
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measured in decibels, the magnitude or intensity of a sound wave, determining the loudness of the sound; in vision the amplitude of a light wave affects the brightness
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Audition
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The sensation of hearing, the process of hearing
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Outer ear
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The visible part of the ear, consisting of the pinna and the auditory canal
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Middle Ear
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The portion of the ear containing ossicles which connect the eardrum to the oval window and amplify the vibrations as they travel to the inner ear
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Inner Ear
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The innermost portion of the ear containing the cochlea, vestibular sacs, and the semicircular canals
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Cochlea
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The snail-shaped fluid-filled organ in the inner ear that contains the hair cells (sound receptors)
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Hair Cells
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Sensory receptors for hearing, found in cochlea
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Place Theory
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The theory that sound of different frequencies or pitch cause maximum activation of hair cells at certain locations along the basilar membrane
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Frequency Theory
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Theory that hair cell receptors vibrate the same number of times as the sounds that reach them, accounting for the way variations in pitch are transmitted to the brain
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Gate Control Theory
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The theory that the pain signals transmitted by slow firing nerve fibres can be blocked at the spinal gate if fast firing fibres get their message to the spinal cord first, or if the brain itself inhibits the transmission of the pain message
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Farsightedness
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A condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly then near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind the retina.
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Nearsightedness
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A condition where near objects are seen more clearly than disant objects because the lens focuses the images of distant objects in front of the retina
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Acuity
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The sharpness of vision.
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Iris
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A ring of muscle tissue that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening.
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Psychophysics
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the study of relationships between the physical characteristics of stimuli, such as their intensity, and our psychological experience of them.
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top-down processing
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information processing guided by higher level mental processes, as when we construct perceptions drawing on our experiences and expectations.
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bottom-up processing
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analysis that begins with the sense receptors and works up to the brains integration of sensory information.
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