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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Zheng He
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Chinese Muslim admiral who commanded series of Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf & Red Sea trade expeditions under 3rd Ming emperor, Yung lo, between 1405-1433
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Prince Henry the Navigator
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Portuguese prince responsible for direction of series of expeditions along the African coast in the 15th century; marked beginning of Western European expansion
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Caravel
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Slender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese; highly maneuverable & able to sail against the wind; key to development of Portuguese trade empire in Asia
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Columbus
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Genoese captain in service of king & queen of Castile & Aragon; successfully sailed to New World and returned in 1492; initiated European discoveries in Americas
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Astrolabe
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astronomical instrument for taking altitude of sun or stars & more; used by Greek astronomers 200B.C. & Arab astronomers from Middle Ages
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Mercantilism
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Economic theory that stressed government's promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th & 18th centuries in Europe.
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Commercial Revolution
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period of European economic expansion, colonialism, & mercantilism; succeeded by Industrial Revolution
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Columbian Exchange
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Biological & ecological exchange that took place following Spanish establishment of colonies in New World; peoples of Europe & Africa came to New World; animals, plants & diseases of 2 hemispheres were transferred
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Cash Crop
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any crop that is considered easily marketable; as wheat or cotton
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Cult of Saints
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dominant form of religion in Christian Europe after fall of Roman Empire
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Kabuki
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popular drama of Japan; elaborate costuming, rhythmic dialogue, stylized acting, music & dancing, and performance of both male & female roles by male actors
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Chattel slavery
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traditional slavery
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Encomienda
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grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors & settlers in Mesoamerica & South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies
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Mita
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labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control
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Sociedad de Castas
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American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top; black slaves or Native Americans at the bottom, mixed races in middle
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Daimyo
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Warlord rulers of 300 small states following civil war and disruption of Ashikaga Shogunate; holdings consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states
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"Flowery Death"
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Death while taking prisoners for sacrifice; promised eternity; also given to women who died in childbirth
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Divine Right
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the doctrine that the right of rule derives directly from God, not from the consent of the people
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Samurai
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Mounted troops of Japanese warrior leaders (bushi); loyal to local lords, not the emperor
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Civil Service Exam
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a system/method of appointing government employees on the basis of competitive examinations, rather than by political patronage
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Footbinding
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Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household
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Cannon
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a mounted gun for firing heavy projectiles, British
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30 Years War
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War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants & their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) & the emperor & his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia
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Renaissance
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cultural & political movement in western Europe; began in Italy c.1400; rested on urban vitality & expanding commerce; featured a literature & art with distinctly more secular priorities than those of the Middle Ages
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Reformation
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religious movement in 16th century that had for its object the reform of the Roman Catholic Church; led to establishment of Protestant
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Absolute Monarchy
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concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies & bureaucracies, establish state churches, imposed state economic policies
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Enlightenment
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Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior
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Battle of Lepanto
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Holy League defeated Ottoman Empire
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Taj Mahal
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Most famous architectural achievement of Mughal, India; originally built as a mausoleum for the wife of Shah Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal
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Janissaries
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Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies; forcibly conscripted as boys in conquered areas of Balkans, legally slaves; translated military service into political influence, particularly after 15th century
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Westernization
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to influence with ideas, customs, practices, etc., characteristic of the west
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Peter the Great
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son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689-1725; continued growth of absolutism & conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy & culture through imitation of western Europe models
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Sun King
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Louis XIV, French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy
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Ottoman Empire
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Turkic Empire established in Asia Minor & eventually extending throughout the Middle East; responsible for conquest of Constantinople & end of Byzantine Empire in 1453; succeeded Seljuk Turks following retreat of Mongols
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Safavid Empire
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Originally a Turkic nomadic group; family originated in Sufi mystic group; espoused Shi'ism; conquered territory & established kingdom in region equivalent to modern Iran; lasted until 1722
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Mughal Empire
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Established by Babur in India in 1526; the name is taken from the supposed Mongol descent of Babur, but there is little indication of any Mongol influence in the dynasty; became weak after rule of Aurangzeb in 1st decades of 18th century
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