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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Land ruined by cash crop was ideal for___
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pasture (Kentucky Bluegrass)
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The spirit of nationalism led to an appreciation of ___
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The spirit of nationalism led to an appreciation of the American wilderness.
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George Catlin
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Artist George Catlin pushed for national parks and later achieved it with Yellowstone in 1872
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In the mid-1800s, the population continued to double every___
By 1860, the original 13 states now had become ___ the American population was 4th in the world (behind Russia, France, Austria). |
In the mid-1800s, the population continued to double every 25 years.
By 1860, the original 13 states now had become 33 states; the American population was 4th in the world (behind Russia, France, Austria). |
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A high birthrate had accounted for population growth, but near 1850s, millions of ___came
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A high birthrate had accounted for population growth, but near 1850s, millions of Irish and German came
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Why did Irish and Germans come to AMerica?
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They came due to a surplus population in Europe, but not all came to the U.S.
The appeal of the U.S. was for land, freedom from church, no aristocracy, 3 meat meals a day. Also, transoceanic steamships were used meaning travel time dropped to 12 days and it was safer. |
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In America there was a fear of voting foreigners...
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outnumbering AMericans and taking jobs.
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The "Black FOrties"
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The Irish potato famine in the mid-1840s led to the death of 2 million and saw many flee to the U.S.
“Black Forties”—they mainly came to cities like Boston and especially New York (biggest Irish city). They were illiterate, discriminated against by older Americans, and received lowest-paying jobs (railroad-building). They were hated by Protestants because they’re Catholic. Americans hated the Irish (such as “NINA”—No Irish Need Apply); the Irish hated competition with blacks for the low-paying jobs. |
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The Ancient Order of Hibernians
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The Ancient Order of Hibernians was established to aid the Irish, founded in Ireland to fight rapacious landlords and served in America as a benevolent society.
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The politicians tried to appeal to the Irish by ___
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The politicians tried to appeal to the Irish by insulting London. Irish hated the British. (“Twisting the Lion’s Tail”).
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1 million Germans poured in between 1830s-1860s because of ___
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1 million Germans poured in between 1830s-1860s because of crop failures and revolution/war of 1848.
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Carl Schurz
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Liberal Germans such as Carl Schurz contributed to the elevation of the U.S. political scene.
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Germans had more money than the Irish, so they bought land ___
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They had more money than the Irish, so they bought land in West, especially in Wisconsin.
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The Germans
They urged public ___ and ___ They faced resentment from old Americans because the Germans ___, were ___, clung to their old ways and kept ___, and brought ___ to the U.S. |
They urged public education (started kindergarten) and freedom (they were enemies of slavery).
They faced resent from old Americans because the Germans grouped themselves together, were aloof, clung to their old ways and kept speaking the German language and religion, and brought beer to the U.S. |
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"nativists"
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“nativists” – older Americans who were prejudiced against newcomers in jobs, politics, and religion
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the "Know-Nothings"
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nativists feared that Catholicism challenged Protestantism (Popish
idols) so they formed the “Order of Star-Spangled Banner” AKA, “The Know-Nothings” they met in secrecy - “I Know-Nothing” was their response to any inquiries fought for restrictions on immigration, naturalization & deportation of alien paupers wrote fiction books about corruption of churches there was mass violence, i.e. Philadelphia in 1844, which burnt churches, schools, and saw people killed |
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as time passed, immigrants were less disliked since___
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as time passed, immigrants were less disliked since they were
crucial to economic expansion & more jobs were becoming available (although they were low-paying) Fighting never got out of hand because of the stable economy- no one was harmed financially by foreign labor. |
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The industrial revolution spread to U.S. The U.S. was destined to become an industrial giant because…
What was plentiful? What did America have that Britain didn't? But what did Britain have that America didn't? And how did British industry threaten American? |
The industrial revolution spread to U.S. The U.S. was destined to become an industrial giant because…
land was cheap, money for investment plentiful, raw materials were plentiful Britain lacked consumers for factory-scale manufacturing whereas America had the growing numbers But, Britain’s long-established factory system was in competition with the infant U.S. industries the Brits kept textile industry secrets as a monopoly (forbade travel of craftsmen & export of machines) |
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Until past the middle of the nineteenth century, the U.S. remained very ___
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Still, the U.S. remained very rural and was mostly a farming nation
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Samuel Slater
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Samuel Slater – “Father of the Factory System”
learned of textile machinery when working in British factory‡ he escaped to U.S., was aided by Moses Brown and built 1st cotton thread spinner in the U.S. located in Pawtucket, Rhode Island (1791) |
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Eli Whitney
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Eli Whitney built a cotton gin (which was 50 times more effective than separating cotton seed by hand)
cotton economics were now profitable and saved the South with “King Cotton” the South flourished and expanded the cotton kingdom westward the Northern factories manufactured textiles (cloth), especially in New England due to its poor soil, dense labor, access to sea, and fast rivers for water power) cotton was profitable and bound to the south; the cotton gin made cotton farming profitable and renewed slavery. Whitney also introduced machine-made inter-changeable parts (on muskets) - 1850 this was the base of the assembly line which flourished in the North, while the cotton gin flourished South |
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after the peace treaty at Ghent, the British did what to force the close of many American factories ?
Congress then passed___ |
after the peace treaty at Ghent, the British poured in a surplus of
cheap goods, forcing the close of many American factories who could not compete with long-established British companies Congress then passed Tariff of 1816 to protect U.S. economy |
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Elias Howe & Issac Singer
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Elias Howe & Issac Singer (1846) made the sewing machine (the foundation of clothing industry)
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How did the Embargo Act of the War improve US industry?
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The Embargo Act of the War of 1812 encouraged home manufacturing
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The principle of limited liability
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The principle of limited liability in a corporation (can’t lose more than what one has personally invested in a corporation) stimulated the economy
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Laws of “free incorporation”
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Laws of “free incorporation” came about saying there
was no need to apply for a charter from a legislature to start a corporation |
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Samuel F. B. Morse
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Samuel Morse’s telegraph connected the business world when he asked, “What hath God wrought?”
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How was New England favored as an industral center?
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-Stony soil made farming impossible and manufacturing attractive.
-Dense population provided labor and accessible markets -Seaports made import of raw materials and export of products easier -Rapid rivers to turn gears in machines |
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Adult working condition improved in the 1820s & 30s with ____
Workingman's parties strove for... In 1840, van Buren established... Did workers' strikes in the 30s and 40s work? |
adult working condition improved in the 1820s & 30s with the mass vote given to workers
10 hour day, higher wages, tolerable conditions, public education, a ban of imprisonment for debt in the 1840s, President Van Buren established 10 hour day for federal employees many went on strike, but lost because employers simply imported more workers (the much-hated immigrants) |
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labor unions formed in the 1830s, but were hit by ___
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Labor unions formed in the 1830s, but were hit by Panic of 1837
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Commonwealth v. Hunt
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case of Commonwealth v. Hunt in Massachusetts Supreme Court (1842) legalized unions for peaceful and honorable protest
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women toiled in factories under___
in Lowell, Massachusetts, a model textile mill employed ___ |
women toiled in factories under poor conditions
in Lowell, Massachusetts, a model textile mill employed young, single women under a watchful eye. |
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___% of the industrial labor force were children
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child labor was heavy; 50% of the industrial labor force were children
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Catharine Beecher
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urged women to enter teaching profession; got her dream when men left teaching for other lines of work.
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arranged marriages died down when___
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arranged marriages died down; marriages due to love tied family closer
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How did the home atmosphere change?
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the home changed from a place of labor, to a place of refuge and rest from labor at the mill
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"cult of domesticity"
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WHen omen married they left their jobs and became wives and mothers, enshrined in a "cult of domesticity", a cultural creed that glorified the momemaker. Married women commanded immense moral power and made decisions for the family.
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"domestic feminism"
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families grew smaller (average of 6); the fertility rate dropped. Women seemed to be quietly making their own decisions to have fewer children. "Domestic feminism" is the name given to the more assertive role of women, even within the "cult of domesticity".
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child-centered families emerged with less children and __
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child-centered families emerged with less children and discipline methods were altered- children were reared not to be broken but shaped and able to make their own decisions based on internalized moral standards- theoutline of the "modern" family.
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the trans-Allegheny region (Ohio-Indiana-Illinois) became the nation’s ___
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the trans-Allegheny region (Ohio-Indiana-Illinois) became the nation’s breadbasket
they planted corn and raised hogs (Cincinnati was known as “the porkopolis” of the west” |
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John Deere
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John Deere – invented the steel plow that cut through hard soil and could be pulled by horses
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Cyrus McCormick
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Cyrus McCormick – invented the mechanical mower-reaper to harvest grain; revolutionized farming. THe surplus of grain allowed them to envision factories in teh East or across the Atlantic
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Why did a transportation revolution need to occur in America?
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The North produced more food than the South (who grew cotton);
products flowed from the North to the South via sea and rivers, not East to West which need transportation revolution in roads and canals |
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Lancaster Turnpike 1790s
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Lancaster Turnpike – a hard road from Philadelphia to Lancaster, PA which brought economic expansion westward
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Cumberland Road
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In 1811 the federal government constructed the Cumberland Road AKA The National Road (Maryland - Illinois) with state and federal money bringing thoroughfare to the West.
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Robert Fulton
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Robert Fulton invented the first steamboat, the Clermont in 1807; steamboats were common by the 1830s
this caused an increase of U.S. trade because there was no concern for weather and water current allowing trade to go both up and down a river. this contributed to the development of Southern and Western economies |
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"Clinton's big Ditch"
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Gov. DeWitt Clinton’s Big Ditch was the Erie Canal between Lake Erie and the Hudson River, built entirely without federal funding.
It shortened the expense and time of transportation (to one twentieth what it was before); cities grew along the canal and the price of food was reduced farmers were unable to compete in the rocky soils of the East, so they went to the West. Other people shifted to fruit, vegetable and diary farming, or went to the south of the great lakes via canal. |
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What came first, the TUrnpike or the Iron Horse?
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Turnpike, in 1790. THe first railroad in the US appeared in 1828, and by 1860 30000 miles of track had been laid, mostly in the North.
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Why did the New York government oppose the railroad, and prohibit the railroad temporarily from carrying freight?
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The railroads were 1st opposed because financiers were afraid of
losing money from Erie Canal traffic; railroads also caused fires to houses from their embers. |
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What were early trains like?
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Early trains were poorly constructed (with bad brakes) and the gauge of tracks varied.
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South‡ cotton accounted for __% of American exports
North‡ after the repeal of the British Corn Law of 1846, ___became an important commodity in trade with England |
South‡ cotton account for 50% of exports
North‡ after the repeal of the British Corn Law of 1846, ___became an important commodity in trade with England |
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Cyrus Field
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In 1858, Cyrus Field laid a telegraph cable between the U.S. &
Europe (but died in 3 weeks); a better one was laid in 1866. This provided instant communication with Europe—a monumental step forward. |
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American vessels time had been idle during this time due to ___
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American vessels had been idle due to embargoes and panics; the U.S. Navy made little progress
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the golden age of the American merchant marine came in 18--s and
--s – ___built the clipper ships which dominated the seas for a brief time (they were very fast, sleek, and long) Tea trade with the British grew and carried many to ___ |
the golden age of the American merchant marine came in 1840s and
50s – Donald Mckay built the clipper ships which dominated the seas for a brief time (they were very fast, sleek, and long) tea trade with the British grew and carried many to California |
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America’s brief dominance at sea with the clipper ships was
crushed by ___ |
America’s brief dominance at sea with the clipper ships was
crushed by British iron steamers, “Tea kettles” that were more reliable and could haul heavier loads, though slower. |
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Rapid American communication also sprang up in the Far West in the form of___
However, this system was replaced by___ |
Speedy communication popped up from Missouri to California, in the
Pony Express (going 2,000 miles in 10 days). The Pony Express was short-lived though, lasting but 2 years, and was replaced by the telegraph wire. Clipper ships and ponies marked the ending of wind and muscle technology, and put machines in the saddle. |
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New York became the queen port of the country, replacing New Orleans, thanks to ___
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New York became the queen port of the country, replacing New Orleans, thanks to the Erie Canal
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Principle of divided labor emerged with each region specializing in its own economic activity :
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Principle of divided labor emerged with each region specializing in its own economic activity
South cotton to New England; West grain & livestock for the East & Europe; East machines, textiles for South and West |
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The era of the self-supported farm was changing ___
These times increased___ |
The era of the self-supported farm was changing to a more modern, specialty driven economy.
These times increased the gap between the rich and poor. |
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Conditions in the cities:
unskilled workers were ___ social mobility existed, although ___ the standard of living ___ |
unskilled workers were “drifters” from town to town looking for jobs (1/2 of industrial population)
social mobility existed, although rags-to-riches stories were rare the standard of living did rise, however, as wages did rise (this helped diffuse any potential class conflict) |
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Church attendance was ___in 1850
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Church attendance was regular in 1850 (3/4 of population attended)
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Deism
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Many relied on Deism (reason rather revelation); Deism rejected
original sin of man, denied Christ’s divinity but believed in a supreme being that created universe with an order, similar to a clockmaker. |
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Unitarian faith
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believed God existed in only 1 person, not in the orthodox trinity; stressed goodness of human nature
believed in free will and salvation through good works; pictured God as a loving father appealed to intellectuals with rationalism and optimism |
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___1800 spawned the 2nd Great
Awakening |
Liberalism in religion started in 1800 spawned the 2nd Great Awakening as a countermovement.
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Second Great Awakening
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2nd Great
Awakening a tidal wave of spiritual fervor that resulted in prison reform, church reform, temperance movement (no alcohol), women’s rights movement, abolition of slavery in 1830s it spread to the masses through huge “camp meetings” the East went to the West to Christianize Indians |
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Methodists and Baptists stressed___
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Methodists and Baptists stressed personal conversion, democracy in church affairs, emotionalism
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Peter Cartright
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Peter Cartwright – was best known of the “circuit riders” or traveling preachers who rode around on the frontier calling upon sinners to repent, knocking out people who tried to break up his meetings.
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Charles Finney
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Charles Grandison Finney – the greatest revival preacher who led massive revivals in Rochester, NY
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"burned-over district"
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New York, with its Puritans, preached “hellfire” and was known as the “Burned-Over District”
WHere the Mormon faith originated. |