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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Functional group |
An atom or group of atoms in an organic molecule which is responsible for the characteristic reactions of that molecule. |
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Homologous series |
A set of organic compounds with the same functional group. The compounds differ in the length of their hydrocarbon chains. |
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Isomer |
One of two (or more) compound with the same molecular formula but a different arrangement of atoms in space. |
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Alkane |
A hydrocarbon with C—C and C—H single bonds only, with the general formula CnH2n+2. |
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Saturated hydrocarbon |
A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon with only C—C and C—H single bonds, i.e. one to which no more hydrogen can be added. |
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Fraction |
A mixture of hydrocarbons collected over a particular range of boiling points during the fractional distillation of crude oil. |
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Catalytic cracking |
The breaking, with the aid of a catalyst, of long-chain alkane molecules (obtained from crude oil) into shorter chain hydrocarbons (some of which are alkenes). |
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Incomplete combustion |
A combustion reaction in which there is insufficient oxygen for all the carbon in the fuel to burn to carbon dioxide. Carbon monoxide and/or carbon (soot) are formed. |
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Free radical |
A chemical species with an unpaired electron — usually highly reactive. |
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Nucleophile |
An ion or group of atoms with a negative charge or a partially negatively-charged area that takes part in an organic reaction by attacking an electron-deficient area in another reactant. |
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Nucleophilic substitution |
An organic reaction in which a molecule with a partially positively charged carbon atom is attacked by a nucleophile. It results in the replacement of one of the groups or atoms on the original molecule by the nucleophile. |
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Leaving group |
In a substitution reaction, the atom or group of atoms that is ejected from the starting material, normally taking with it an electron pair and forming a negative ion. |
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Elimination |
A reaction in which an atom or group of atoms is removed from a reactant. |
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Electrophile |
And electron-deficient atom, ion or molecule that takes part in an organic reaction by attacking areas of high electron density in another reactant. |
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Electrophilic addition |
A reaction in which a C=C bond is saturated by it attacking an electrophile. |
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Carbocation |
An organic ion in which one of the C atoms has a positive charge. |
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Positive inductive effect |
Describes the tendency of some atoms or groups of atoms to release electrons via a covalent bond. |
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Monomer |
A small molecule that combines with many other monomers to form a polymer. |
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Anaerobic respiration |
The process by which energy is released and new compounds formed in living things in the absence of oxygen. |
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Carbon-neutral |
A process in which as much CO2 IS absorbed from the air as is given out. |
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Aldehyde |
An organic compound with the general formula RCHO |
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Ketone |
An organic compound with the general formula R2C=O. |
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Molecular ion |
A molecule of sample which has been ionised but which has not broken up during its flight. |
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Fingerprint region |
The area of an IR spectrum below about 1500cm-1. It is caused by complex vibrations of the whole molecule and is characteristic of a particular molecule. |