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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Rain on windscreen |
- Rwy appears lower - On final app, lights appear bigger/brighter = undershoot approach |
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Haze on final |
- rwy appears further = fly high on approach |
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Upslope rwy |
- appear fly high = fly low approach or undershoot |
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Landing on wide rwy |
- appear lower = fly high on approach and flare high |
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Terrain around rwy is higher |
= fly high and overshoot approach |
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Empty field myopia |
- caused by lack of stimulus (ex featureless sky - clear / hazy day or dark night) - eye focus on pt 3-5 feet away - *objects in sky appear smaller and further away - look at wingtips to refocus - primary focusing element of eye is cornea |
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Night flight |
- reduced visual acuity, color vision, depth perception - Rods provide primary vision at night Dark adaptation = changeover from cones to rods - takes 30 mins in total darkness - can be accelerated by red cockpit lighting however severely distorts colors |
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Autokinesis |
Single light where no other reference - cause light to seemingly move in irregular arcs, can induce vertigo |
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False horizon |
Moonless night over rural area OR sloping cloud tops, difficult to make out horizon = spatial disorientation |
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Black hole phenomenon |
Approaching to area of featureless terrain/few ground lights - result in curved app path |
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Somatogravic illusion |
Rapid acceleration - illusion of being in nose-up attitude, esp where no good visual ref |
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IM SAFE |
Illness Medication Stress Alcohol Fatigue Eating |
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Hypoxic hypoxia |
Insufficient O2 at sufficient pressure to lungs Cause: - reduction in atmospheric pressure at high altitudes |
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Stagnant Hypoxia |
Blood (and thus O2) prevented from moving throughout body Causes: - prolonged sitting - high 'g' loading *O2 carrier molecule = hemoglobin |
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Anaemic hypoxia |
Blood unable to absorb and carry O2 from lungs to various parts of body Cause: - carbon monoxide poisoning - donating blood - iron deficiency |
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Hystoxic hypoxia |
Cells in various organs & tissues are unable to absorb O2 Cause: - alcohol consumption |
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Hypoxia and night flying |
- causes degradation of vision, particularly rods - will effect night vision at altitudes as low as 5000' - more severe if smoker |
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Hypoxia symtoms |
Euphoria Tingling Numbness Visual impairment Fatigue Headache / nausea Hot / cold flashes Rapid breathing
*as symptoms worsen, field of vision narrows (retina most sensitive to occurance of hypoxia) If unsure whether hypoxia or hyperventilating- treat for hypoxia |
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Opposite turning illusion / the leans |
Sustained turn causes fluid in ears to turn in same direction When roll wings level fluid continues to rotate = Sensation of turning in opposite direction |
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Coreolis illusion |
When turn head when aircraft is in turn - rotation of fluid in ears will create illusion of tumbling |
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Sinus and ear pain |
Eustachian tube blocked - air not blocked may lead to popping sensation in ear as it escapes
*Trapped gases in expansion
Areas most sensitive to trapped gas - middle ear - sinus - teeth - gastrointestinal tract Pressure changes inside middle ear may lead to vertigo |
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Threat Error Management |
1.Threats - inc operational complexity and if not managed can lead to error 2.Error - actions/inactions to lead to deviations from intentions/expectations inc undesired a/c states 3. Undesired a/c state (a/c handling, nav, incorrect configuation)*ex unsafe attitude |
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Leading cause of ATC comm errors |
Readback/hearback errors 1. Pilot reads back in error and controller fails to correct 2. Controller fails to notice own error in correct pilot readback |
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Blowing snow |
May cause whiteout (incorrect for TC)
Illusion of a/c moving in opposite direction of BLSN - difficult to allign w rwy |
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Turn from dw to into-wind |
- appear to skid and dec a/s |
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Decompression sickness |
Exposure to low pressure that cause inert gases (mainly N) to come out of solution and form bubbles in body tissues and fluids |
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The bends |
Nitogen bubbles in blood migrating to joint spaces - very painful |
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The chokes |
Nitrogen bubbles present in smaller blood vessels of lungs and in tissues of trachea |
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Carbon monoxide poisoning |
Symptom: - blurred thinking CO has greater binding affinity to hemoglobin than does O2 |
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Valsalva technique |
- used to equalize pressure in middle ear during descent - close mouth, pinch nose, bear down - causes rapid change in heart rate and blood pressure |
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Vection illusion |
- peripheral visual info causes you to think you are moving when in fact not |
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How to know if on converging track with another a/c |
Stays still in frame of reference |