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109 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
biology is.. |
the scientific Study of life |
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What are the 5 unifying themes of biology |
organization, information, energy and matter, interactions and evolution |
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list the 10 levels of organization |
1.biosphere 2. ecosystems 3. communities 4. populations 5. organisms 6. organs and organ systems 7. tissues 8. cells 9. organelles 10. molecules |
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eukaryotic cell |
has a membrane, enclosed organelles and a nucleus |
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Prokaryotic Cell |
simpler, does not contain nucleus or other membrane enclosed organelles |
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Genes |
encode information for building molecules, units of inheritance |
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gene expression |
converting information from gene to cellular product |
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genome |
entire set of genetic instructions |
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genomics |
the study of sets of genes within and between species |
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Proteomics |
the study of whole sets of proteins encoded by the genome (known as proteomes) |
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Bioinformatics |
the use of computational tools to process a large volume of data |
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Name the 8 taxonomy classes (from not specific- specific) |
1. domain 2. Kingdom 3. phylum 4. class 5. order 6. family 7. genus 8. species |
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Who is Charles Darwin? |
publisher of "on the origin of species" came up with the idea of natural selection and decent with modification |
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What does the scientific process include? |
1. making observations 2. forming logical hypotheses 3. experiment 4. interpretation |
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controlled experiment |
and experimental group is compared with a control group |
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What is the unit of inheritance? |
DNA |
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what is the unifying theory in biology? |
evolution |
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What is natural selection? |
those individuals most suited for their environment produce the most offspring |
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what is the scientific method |
rigorous study of natural phenomena |
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All organisms are composed of... |
matter |
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element |
substance that can not be broken down to other substances by chemical reactions |
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compound |
a substance consisting of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio |
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what are the 4 essential elements to life? (96%) |
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
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Trace elements and what are they? (4%) |
those required by an organism only in minute quantities calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur |
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atom |
the smallest unit of matter that still retains the properties of an element |
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atoms are composed of.. |
protons(+) neutrons electrons(-) |
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neutrons and protons form.. |
atom nucleus |
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neutrons and protons are measured in.. |
daltons |
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atomic number |
number of protons in the nucleus |
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mass number |
sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus (same as atomic mass) |
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isotopes |
2 atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons in the nucleus |
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radioactive isotopes |
decay spontaneously, giving off energy |
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Half-life |
a "parent" isotope decays into its daughter isotope at a fixed rate. this can be used for radiometric dating where scientist measure the ratio of different isotopes and calculate how many half lives have passed since the fossil or rock was created they can vary from seconds, days, billions of years |
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energy |
the capacity to cause change |
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potential energy |
is the energy that matter has because of its location and structure |
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electron shell |
an electrons state of potential energy or its energy level can be measured here |
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the chemical behavior is mostly determined by... |
valence electrons |
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orbital |
is the 3 dimentional space where an electron is found 90% of the time |
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covalent bonds |
is the sharing of a pair of valence electrons by 2 atoms, these electrons count as part of each atoms valence shell |
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molecule |
consists of 2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
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give a structural formula example |
H-H |
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give a molecular formula example |
H2 |
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bonding capacity is called the atoms.. |
valence |
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electronegativity |
is an atoms attraction for the electrons in a covalent bond, the more electronegative and an atom the more strongly it pulls shared electrons toward itself |
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nonpolar covalent bond and example |
atoms share the electron equally ex. oil |
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polar covalent bond |
one atom is more electronegative and the atoms do not share the electrons equally, this causes a partical positive and negative charge to each atom or molecule ex. water |
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ionic bond |
and attraction between a cation and anion, one atom gives its electron to another atom. creating on positive atom and one negative atom, this attraction between the positive and negative creates the ionic bond. Ex. NaCl |
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cation |
a positively charged ion |
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anion |
a negatively charged ion |
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compounds formed by ionic bonds are called ionic compounds or... |
salts |
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hydrogen bond |
a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to one electronegative atom is also attracted to another electronegative atom (can only create molecules) |
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chemical reations |
the making and breaking of chemical bonds |
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reactants |
starting molecule of a chemical reaction |
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products |
the final molecule of a chemical reaction |
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chemical equilibrium |
when forward and reverse reactions occur at the same time |
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what does the atomic number tell you? |
electrons and protons |
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how would 2 isotopes of oxygen differ? |
number of neutrons and atomic weight |
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what is different about hydrogen bonds in comparison with covalent and ionic bonds? |
hydrogen bonds are forces that help shape the molecule. and they hold molecules together not atoms. |
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what 4 properties make is so water can facilitate an environment for life? |
1. cohesive behavior 2. ability to moderate temperature 3. expansion upon freezing 4. versatility as a solvent |
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cohesion |
hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together ex. the transport of water against gravity in plants |
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adhesion |
is an attraction between different substances ex. water and plant cell walls |
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surface tension |
a measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid |
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water absorbs ... from warmer air and releases .... to cooler air |
heat stored heat |
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kinetic energy |
energy in motion |
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thermal energy |
kinetic energy associated with random motion of atoms or molecules |
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temperature |
a measure of energy that represents the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a body of matter |
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heat |
thermal energy in transfer from one body of matter to another |
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calorie |
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 g of water by 1 degree C |
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the "calories" on food packages are actually.. |
kilocalories where 1 kcal= 1,000 cal |
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joule is another unit of energy where.. |
1 J=0.239 cal or 1 cal = 4.184 J |
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specific heat |
the amount of heat that must be absorbed or lost for 1 g of that substance to change its temperature by 1 degree c ex. water is 1cal/g/C (water has a high specific heat) |
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heat of vaporization |
the heat a liquid must absorb for 1 g to be converted to gas |
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evaporative cooling |
as the liquid evaporates its remaining surface cools evaporative cooling helps water stabilize temperatures in organisms and bodies of water |
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why does ice float? |
hydrogen bonds in ice are more "ordered" making ice less dense than water |
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solution |
A liquid that is a completely homogenous mixture of substances |
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solute |
the substance that is dissolved |
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solvent |
the dissolving agent |
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Aqueous solution |
one in which water was the solvent |
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hydration shell |
when and ionic compound is dissolved in water, each ion is surrounded by a sphere of water molecules |
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hydropilic |
substance is one that has an affinity with water |
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hydrophobic |
substance is one that does not have and affinity for water(cell membranes and oil, tend to be nonpolar) |
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molecular mass |
the sum of all masses of all atoms in a molecule. this is usually measured in moles where 1 mole=6.02 x 10 to the 23rd. |
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molarity (M) |
the number of moles of solute per liter of solution |
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hydrogen ion (H+) |
the hydrogen atom leaves its electron behind and is transferred as a proton |
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Hydroxide ion (OH)- |
the molecule that lost the proton |
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hydronium ion (H3O)+ also (H+) |
the molecule with the extra proton |
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water is in a state of ........ in which water molecules dissociate at the same rate at which they are being reformed |
dynamic equilibrium |
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acid |
any substance that increases the H+ concentration of a solution |
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base |
any substance that reduces the H+ concentration of a solution, so in turn heavier in OH- |
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pH scale |
used to describe whether a solution is basic or acidic |
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the pH scale is a .... scale |
Logarithmic- meaning each "step" will be up or down x10, so add a 0 every step up or down |
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0-7 is.. |
acidic and higher in H+ |
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7-14 is... |
basic and decreasing in H+ |
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most biological fluids have pH values in the range of... |
6-8 |
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buffers |
substances that minimize changes in concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution, most buffer solutions contain a weak acid and its corresponding base which combine reversibly with H+ ions |
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ocean acidification |
CO2 is dissolved in sea water forms carbonic acid |
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how is water transported from roots to leaves? |
cohesion, adhesion and transpiration |
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organic chemestry |
the study of compounds that contain carbon |
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hydrocarbons |
organic molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen |
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isomers |
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and properties |
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structural isomers |
have different covalent arrangements of their atoms |
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cis trans isomers |
have the same covalent bonds but differ on spatial arrangments x x H x C=C C=C H H x H |
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enantiomer isomers |
mirror images of each other |
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Functional groups |
the components of organic molecules that are most commonly involved in chemical reactions |
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what are the 7 functional groups.. |
1. Hydroxyl group (-OH) ex. ethanol 2. Carbonyl group (\/C=O) ex. acetone 3. Carboxyl group (-COOH) ex. acetic acid 4.Amino group (-NH2) ex. glycine 5. Sulfhydryl group (-SH) ex. cysteine 6.Phosphate group (-OPO32-) ex. glycerol phosphate) 7.Methyl group (-CH3) ex. methyl cytosine |
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how many protons, electrons and neutrons does the most common carbon atom have? |
6,6,6 |
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how many bonds can carbon form? |
4 |
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What is meant by the "carbon skeleton"? |
forms the backbone of organic molecules |
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ATP reacts with H2O and turns into.. |
ADP and energy |