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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Bone or osseous tissue is a ____ tissue with a matrix hardened by minerals.
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Connective
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Individual bones are made up of what four main components?
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Bone tissue, Bone marrow, cartilage and periosteum
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Support, protection, movement, blood formation, mineral resevoir, pH balance and detoxification are all functions of what?
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The skeletal system
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The skeletal system buffers the blood by absorbing or releasing ____ salts.
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Alkaline
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What are the four bone shapes?
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Long, short, flat and irregular
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The external and internal surfaces of flat bone are composed of ____ ____. The middle layer is composed of ____ ____.
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Compact bone; Spongy bone
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Another name for spongy bone is what?
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Diploe
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Most cranial bones, the ribs, sternum, scapula and os coxae are all what kind of bones?
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Flat bones
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A layer of fibrous connective tissue covering a long bone is called the what?
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Periosteum
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Hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of long bones is called what?
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Articular cartilage
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The lining of the internal surface of a long bone is called what?
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Endosteum
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The diaphysis refers to what in a bone?
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The shaft
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The epiphysis refers to what in a bone?
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The head
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The humerus, radius, ulna, metacarpals, phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, metatarsals and phalanges are all what kind of bones?
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Long Bones
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The carpals and tarsals are all what kind of bones?
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Short
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The sphenoid bone, ethmoid bone, and vertebral bones are all what kind of bones?
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Irregular Bones
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The diaphysis of a bone contains a ____ cavity.
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Marrow/Medullary
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____ contains cells providing bone resorption and deposition.
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Endosteum
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This section of a bone contains spongy bone covered with a layer of compact bone. It is enlarged to strengthen joint and provide for attachment of tendons and ligaments.
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Epiphyses
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Periosteum is continuous with what outer fibrous layer?
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Tendons
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____ cells reside in endosteum or periosteum. They multiply continuously and differentiate into osteoblasts.
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Osteogenic cells
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____ form organic matter of matrix and help to mineralize it in response to stress or fractures.
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Osteoblasts
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____ are osteoblasts that have become trapped. The reside in lacunae and are connected to each other via canaliculi. They signal osteoclasts and osteoblasts about mechanical stresses.
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Osteocytes
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____ are bone-dissolving cells. They develop in bone marrow by the fusion of the same stem cells that give rise to monocytes of the blood. They reside in pits called resorption bays that they have eaten into the surface of the bone.
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Osteoclasts.
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The dry weight of osseous tissue is ____ organic and ____ inorganic matter.
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1/3; 2/3
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Collagen, glycosaminoglycans, proteoglycans and glycoproteins all compose what part of osseous tissue?
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Organic matter
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Hydroxyapatite, calcium carbonate and other minerals make up what component of osseous tissue?
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Inorganic matter
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Inorganic matter is ___ percent hydroxyapatite and ___ percent calcium carbonate.
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85; 10
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The lack of collagen in bones is referred to as what?
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Osteogenesis imperfecta
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Defective mineralization of bones can result in what?
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Rickets
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Insufficient sunlight or vitamin D, dietary deficiency in calcium or phosphate, liver or kidney disease can all cause what disease?
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Rickets
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Rickets in adults is called what?
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Osteomalacia
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Cylinders of tissue formed from layers of matrix concentrically arranged around a blood vessel are called what?
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Osteons or Haversian systems
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____ are the individual layers of osteons.
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Lamellae
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____ ____ holds the blood vessels in osteons.
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Haversian Canals
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Branches from nutrient arteries that run perpendicular to the haversian canals are called what?
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Perforating canals
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The spongelike appearance of spongy bone is formed by rods and plates of bone called ____.
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Trabeculae
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The spaces of spongy bone are filled with what?
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Red bone marrow
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____ have few osteons or haversian canals. The result is that no osteocyte is far from blood of bone marrow.
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Trabeculae
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____ develop along bone's lines of stress.
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Trabeculae
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Soft tissue that occupies the medullary cavity of a long bone or the spaces amid the trabeculae of spongy bone is what?
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Bone marrow
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____ ____ looks like thick blood. It is a mesh of reticular fibers and immature cells. It is found in the axial skeleton and girdles in adults.
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Red marrow
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What does hemopoietic mean?
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Produces blood cells
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Fatty marrow of long bones in adults is what?
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Yellow marrow
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Yellow marrow that is replaced with reddish jelly is what?
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Gelatinous marrow
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This process produces the flat bones of the skull and clavicle.
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Intramembranous ossification
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During intramembranous ossification, ____ condenses into a sheet of soft tissue that transforms into a network of soft trabeculae.
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Mesenchyme
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During intramembranous ossification, osteoblasts gather on the trabeculae to form ____ tissue (uncalcified bone - soft collagenous material).
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Osteoid
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During intramembranous ossification, ____ remodel the center to contain marrow spaces and ____ remodel the surface to form compact bone.
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Osteoclast; osteoblast
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____ at the surface in intramembranous ossification gives rise to periosteum.
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Mesenchyme
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In endochondral ossification, mesenchyme differentiates into what?
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Hyaline cartilage
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In endochondral ossification, cartilage is broken down, reorganized and ____.
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Calcified
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In endochondral ossification, ____ near the center swell to form primary ossification center.
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Chondrocytes
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In endochondral ossification, primary marrow space is formed by what?
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Periosteal bud
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The ____ ____ ____ begins to form in the epiphyses near the time of birth.
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Secondary ossification center
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_____ is cartilagenous material that remains as growth plate between medullary cavity and secondary ossification centers in the epiphyses.
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Metaphysis or Epiphyseal plate
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Bone density depends on what? This is why athletes have greater density and mass of bone.
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Applied stress
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Cartilage grows in what two ways?
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Interstitial and appositional growth
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____ growth involves bones increasing in length at the epiphyseal plate.
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Interstitial growth
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____ growth involves bones increasing in width and only occurs in mature bone.
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Appositional growth
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In _____ growth, osteoblasts lay down matrix in layers parallel to the outer surface and osteoclasts dissolve bone on the inner surface.
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Appositional growth
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If either interstitial growth or appositional growth outpaces the other, bone deformities occur. This condition is called what?
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Osteitis deformans
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This condition is characterized by short stature but normal sized head and trunk. The long bones of the limbs stop growing in childhood but other bones are unaffected. It is a result of spontaneous mutation when DNA is replicated.
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Achondroplasia
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____ dwarfs have a lack of growth hormone.
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Pituitary
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The crystallization of ions from blood is referred to as what?
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Deposition
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Levels of calcium and phosphate in tissues must reach a point called the what before crystallization can occur?
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Solubility product
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____ ____ is abnormal calcification.
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Ectopic ossification.
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Ectopic ossification in the arteries is referred to as what?
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Arteriosclerosis
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The process of dissolving bone and releasing minerals into the blood is known as what?
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Mineral resorption
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____ acid with a pH of 4 dissolves bone minerals
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HCl
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This enzyme is released by osteoclasts in order to digest collagen.
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Acid phosphatase
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During mineral resorption, hydrogen pumps in the cell membrane secrete hydrogen ions into the space between the osteclast and the bone. As a result, ____ ions follow by electrical attraction.
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Chloride
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Braces on the teeth reposition the teeth by creating greater pressure of tooth on the bone. This stimulates what activity to remodel the jaw?
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Osteoclast and osteoblast activity
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____ is needed for communication between neurons, muscle contraction, blood clotting and exocytosis.
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Calcium
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____ is a component of DNA, RNA, ATP, phospholipids and acid-base buffers
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Phosphate
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____ percent of the body's calcium is in the bones.
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99%
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____ percent of the body's phosphorous is in bones.
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85-90%
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Adult skeleton exchanges about ____ percent of calcium with the blood each year.
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18
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Do changes in phosphate concentrations have any effect on the body?
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NO!
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This condition is a deficiency of blood calcium. It causes excessive excitability of the nervous system leading to muscle spasms, tremors and tetanus. It is caused by vitamin D deficiency, diarrhea, pregnancy, lactation, underaction/removal of parathydroid glands.
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Hypocalcemia
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This condition is described by excessive blood calcium. It depresses the nervous system causing muscle weakness, sluggish reflexes, and cardiac arrest.
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Hypercalcemia
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Activated vitamin D is called what?
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Calcitriol
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This hormone stimulates the small intestine to absorb calcium and phosphate. It reduces the urinary secretion of calcium and phosphate and promotes osteoclast activity.
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Calcitriol
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Parathyroid hormone is secreted by the parathyroid glands on the ____ surface of the thyroid gland.
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Posterior
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When is PTH released?
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When calcium blood levels are low
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This hormone inhibits the activity of osteoblasts and stimulates osteoclast multiplication and activity. It reduces calcium secretion and increases phosphate secretion in the urine. It also stimulates production of an enzyme in the kidneys that carries out the last step in calcitriol synthesis.
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PTH
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This hormone is secreted by the thyroid gland when calcium concentration rises and promotes the bone deposition of calcium. It reduces osteoclast activity by 70% in 15 minutes and increase the number and activity of osteoblasts.
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Calcitonin
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Who does calcitonin play an important role for?
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Children
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Bone growth is especially rapid when?
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Puberty
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Adolescent girls grow faster than boys and reach their full height earlier due to ____.
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Estrogen
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Growth ceases when what closes?
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Epiphyseal plate
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____ ____ may cause premature closure of growth plate producing short adult stature.
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Anabolic steroids
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____ fracture is a break caused by abnormal trauma to a bone.
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Stress
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____ fracture is a break in a bone weakened by some other disease.
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Pathological fracture
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____ fracture does not have broken skin.
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Closed or simple or nondisplaced
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____ fractures have bone that protrudes from the skin.
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Open or compound or displaced
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A ____ fracture has a bone that is broken in two or more places.
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Complete
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An ____ fracture extends only partway and the pieces remain joined.
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Incomplete
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In a ____ fracture, one side is bent and there is an incomplete fracture on the other side.
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Greenstick
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A ____ fracture contains a fine crack
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Hairline
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A ____ fracture is broken in three or more places.
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Comminuted
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A ____ fracture is parallel along the long axis of the bone.
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Linear
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A ____ fracture is perpendicular to long axis of the bone.
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Transverse
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A ____ fracture is diagonal (between linear and transverse).
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Oblique
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A ____ fracture results from a twisting stress.
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Spiral
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The normal healing of a fracture is ____ weeks
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8-12 weeks
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This is the first stage of fracture healing. Broken vessels form a blood clot.
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Fracture hematoma
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This is the second stage of fracture healing. Fibrous tissue formed by fibroblasts and infiltrated by capillaries.
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Granulation tissue
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This is the third step of fracture healing. A soft callus of fibrocartilage is replaced by hard callus of bone in 6 weeks.
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Callus formation
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This is the fourth stage of fracture healing. It occurs over the next six months as spongy bone is replaced with compact bone.
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Remodeling
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In this treatment of fractures, fragments are aligned with manipulation and casted.
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Closed reduction
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In this treatment of fractures, surgical exposure and repair with plates and screws occurs.
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Open reduction
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____ is not used to treat fractures in the elderly due to risks of long-term confinement to a bed.
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Traction
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____ ____ is used on fractures that take longer than two months to heal.
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Electrical stimulation
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_____ is a branch of medicine that deals with the prevention and correction of injuries and disorders of the bones, joints and muscles.
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Orthopedics
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What is the most common bone disease?
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Osteoporosis
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Who is at greatest risk of osteoporosis?
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Postmenopausal white women
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What is the best treatment for osteoporosis?
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Prevention through calcium intake and exercise between ages 25 and 40
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This bone disease is a bacterial infection. It causes inflammation of osseous tissue and bone marrow. It was fatal before the widespread use of antibiotics.
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Osteomyelitis
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This bone disease is a benign bone tumor.
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Osteoma
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This is a benign tumor of the bone and cartilage.
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Osteochondroma
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This bone disease is found most often in males 10-25 years old. Death can result in one year if left untreated.
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Osteosarcoma
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This disease is a slow-growing cancer of hyaline cartilage.
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Chondrosarcoma
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