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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which best accounts for the total body water (TBW)?
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Intracellular Fluid and Extracellular Fluid
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What tissue type lines internal hollow organs and external surfaces of the body, providing a barrier between the internal and external environment?
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epithelial tissue
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Which of the following is a tissue type that includes the cells found within blood and bones?
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connective tissue
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Which of the following accurately represents the order of complexity for the components of the body, from least to most complex?
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cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
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Extracellular fluid is composed of ________.
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interstitial fluid and plasma
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The portion of body water outside of cells that bathes most cells of the body is called ________.
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interstitial fluid
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True/False: Intracellular and extracellular fluid are of the same ion composition.
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FALSE
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When blood glucose levels are high
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the pancreas releases insulin
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A liver cell responds to insulin by
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taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen
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What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and releasing glucose?
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liver cells
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Body cells that respond to insulin include
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liver cells, as well as most other cells of the body
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When blood glucose levels are low
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The pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase.
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The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called
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homeostasis
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Homeostasis is a term which describes the process whereby the body ________.
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maintains a constant internal environment
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What is the primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis?
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negative feedback
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Changes in the external environment alter the ________, which is detected by the ________, and that information is sent to the integrator.
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regulated variable : sensor
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The ________ determines the extent of the error signal in a feedback loop, in order to initiate the appropriate response.
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integrator
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Positive feedback loops are impossible to stop once they have begun.
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FALSE
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The lumen of which of the following systems is part of the INTERNAL environment?
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cardiovascular system
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__________ are the smallest stable units of ordinary matter.
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atoms
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Ions with a + charge are called
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cations
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When atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons, they form
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covalent bonds
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The reaction symbolized as (AB → A + B) is a(n) _________ reaction.
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decomposition
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The first step in an enzymatic reaction is the binding of the __________ molecule to the active site.
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substrate
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Which of the following statements about water is true?
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water is a good solvent, water comrises the largest portion of total bod weight, water is composed of polar molecules
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Hydrophilic molecules readily associate with
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water molecules
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A solution containing more hydrogen ions than hydroxide ions is __________.
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acidic
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If a substance has a pH that is greater than 7, it is
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alkaline
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The group of organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a near 1:2:1 ratio is defined as a
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carbohydrate
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When two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis,
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a disaccharide is formed
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The alpha-helix is an example of the __________ level of protein structure.
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secondary
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Substrate molecules bind to enzymes at the ________ sites.
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active
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You would expect a peptide bond to link
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two amino acids
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The alpha-helix and pleated sheet are examples of ________ protein structure.
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secondary
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A __________ is to a nucleic acid as an amino acid is to a polypeptide.
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nucleotide
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The structure of RNA differs from DNA in that
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the backbone of RNA contains ribose
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Identify the product formed from the phosphorylation of ADP.
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adenosine triphosphate
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The nucleus of an atom consists of
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protons + neutrons
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The plasma membrane is composed of
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a bilayer of phospholipids
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Which structure produces ATP for the cell?
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mitochondria
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Most of the ATP that cells require is produced in the __________.
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mitochondria
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Endocytosis is
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a method for transporting substances into the cell
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Transcription directly results in the formation of __________.
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messenger RNA
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The process of protein formation directed by mRNA is called
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translation
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The mRNA sequence that is complementary to the sequence ATC on DNA is
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UAG
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Which organelle renews the cell membrane and modifies and packages proteins for secretion?
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Golgi apparatus
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Which of the following is not a function of protein?
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storage of genetic information
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The process of forming mRNA is called
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transcription
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A unit in messenger RNA consisting of a set of three consecutive nucleotides is termed a(n)
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codon
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The functional units of DNA that contain the instructions for making one or more proteins are
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genes
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If an animal cell lacked centrioles, it would not be able to
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form the mitotic spindle
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The sum of the thousands of chemical reactions that occur within the body is called ________.
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metabolism
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Chemical reactions that involve the production of a phosphate bond are called ________ reactions.
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phosphorylation
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During what type of reaction are electrons removed from the reactant?
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oxidation
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Which of the following is not one of the factors that affect the rate of reactions?
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transition state
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Decreasing temperatures will ________ the frequency of collisions between molecules, thereby ________ the reaction rate.
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decreasing : decreasing
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Enzymes act as ________ to increase reaction rate.
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catalysts
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Which of the following would NOT increase the rate of a chemical reaction?
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increasing the activation energy barrier
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Enzymes are what class of molecule?
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proteins
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How do enzymes increase the rate of chemical reactions?
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bringing the substates together to undergo collision
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The greater the attractive forces between substrate and enzyme, that enzyme is said to have a higher ________ for the substrate.
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affinity
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Regulation of an enzyme through reversible binding of a modulator to a regulatory site on an enzyme is specifically called ________.
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allosteric regulation
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True/False: An increase in the affinity of an enzyme for its substrate will increase the reaction rate.
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TRUE
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True/False: An increase in the concentration of enzyme will increase the reaction rate.
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TRUE
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During glycolysis, glucose is broken down, yielding what type of molecule?
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2 pyruvate
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Which of the following does NOT occur in mitochondria?
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conversion of pyruvate to lactate
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The final product of glycolysis under aerobic conditions is pyruvate. What happens to pyruvate under aerobic conditions?
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Pyruvate enters the mitochondrial matrix where it is converted into acetyl CoA.
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Where are the enzymes of glycolysis located within the cell?
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cytosol
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What is the final acceptor of electrons in the electron transport?
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oxygen
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Where is the electron transport chain?
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inner mitochondrial membrane
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ATP synthase is able to use the potential energy that originates from ________ to produce ATP.
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the hydrogen gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane
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Under anaerobic conditions, what is pyruvate converted to and where does this occur?
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lactate in the cytosol
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True/False: Pyruvate is converted to lactate in the cytosol under anaerobic conditions, but it is converted to acetyl CoA in the mitochondrial matrix under aerobic conditions.
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TRUE
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Which of the following molecules is NOT converted to glucose through the process of gluconeogenesis?
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fatty acids
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What is glycogenolysis?
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the breakdown of glycogen to glucose
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Which of the following molecules is a substrate for gluconeogenesis?
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amino acids and glycerol only
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True/False: Glycogenolysis is an example of a catabolic reaction.
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TRUE
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