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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What do most of the functional groups contain?
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oxygen and nitrogen, among the most electronegative elements
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What functional groups does ATP contain?
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esters and anhydrides involving a phosphoric acid
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What is an ionic bond, and what is an example?
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complete transfer of electrons from one ion to another making them oppositely attracted, NaCl
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What is a covalent bond and what is an example?
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it is the sharing of electrons. carbon dioxide molecule, H molecule, carbon tetraflouride
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What is meant by electronegativity?
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the mathematical parameter of which an atom attracts electrons in its bond with another atom
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What is the most electronegative atom?
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flourine(4)
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What are some high electronegative atoms?
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oxygen (3.5) and nitrogen (3)
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What is an nonpolar bond?
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covalent bond that has even distribution of electron density, ex H molecule, and oxygen
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Which molecule has a slight difference in electronegativity?
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methane, nonpolar still
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What is a polar bond?
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covalent bond with uneven distribution of electrons, water is an example
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How is polarity of a molecule defined?
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the electronegativity of atoms, and the geometry of the bonds
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What is true about a polar bond and a polar molecule?
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They are both dipoles
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What macromolecules can be found in a cell?
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lipids, nucleic acids, amino acids, carbs
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What ions can be found in a cell?
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Na Ca K Mg
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What causes Menkes' syndrome?
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too LITTLE copper,
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What are some symptoms of Menkes syndrome?
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sparse kinky hair, physical retardation, deterioration of the brain
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What is the kay fleisher ring seen in? and what causes it?
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Wilsons disease, too MUCH copper
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What disease is characterized by tremors, trouble swallowing, and slurred speech?
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Wilsons disease, MUCH copper
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What is endemic goiter caused by?
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iodine deficiency
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What diseases are caused by iodine deficiency?
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endemic goiter, dwarfism, mental retardation
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Describe what would happen with too little or too much iron.
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Too MUCH= hemachromatosis, > liver CA
too LITTLE=anemia |
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Why does biochem use the methods and concepts of ochem?
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because they deal with carbon based compounds
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What is an example of how functional groups influence biological activity?
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Steroids. A diff fxnl group attached the same organic molecule changes its fxn,
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What does alpha alanine have attached to it?
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carboxylic acid and an amide
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What is acetyl coenzyme A?
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intermediate in the oxidation of carbs, lipids, and proteins.
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What percentage of the body is water?
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55-60%
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What portion of the fluid in the body is extracellular?
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2/3
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What are some examples of hydrophilic compounds?
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they contain ionic or polar bonds. and ex are ketones, acetone, sugars, alcohols, ionic compounds, amino acids, and phosphate esters
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Are hydrocarbons hydrophilic or hydrophobic?
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hydrophobic (ie gasoline)
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Describe the water solubility principle.
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Like dissolves like. The positive dipole of water attracts the negative ion of another molecule
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What are the two types of interactions with water?
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ion-dipole (ex. KCl) and dipole-dipole (ex. alcohol)
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What is an amphipathic molecule?
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partially hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecule
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Define the hydrophobic effect.
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tendency of nonpolar groups in water to self associate to minimize contact with the polar solvent
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How are micelles and bilayers created? What is the difference between them?
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hydrophobic effect, the hydrophobic parts of an amphipathic molecule are buried, and the hydrophilic heads are free in contact with water. Micelle is a spherical arrangement, and bilayer is..a bilayer.
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What is most commonly the hydrogen bond acceptor in molecules?
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electronegative atoms, so O and N.
Remember.Hydrogen bond is different than a covalent bond to hydrogen. Water molecules are held together by hydrogen bonds |
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What are some examples of important biological H bonds?
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H bonds in water.
Bonding of water to other molecules. Protein and nucleic acid structures. |
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What is H bonds influence in nucleic acids?
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base pairing
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What is H bonds influence in proteins?
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H bonds between N-H and O=C determine different conformations. (alpha helix, beta strand, hairpin)
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Define acid and define base.
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Acid - Donates protons
Base- Accepts protons |
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What are the conjugate acid-base pairs?
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HA, A-, B+, BOH
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What is Ka?
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the dissociation constant. refers to acids. The higher the Ka, the stronger the acid, the more protons donated to solution.
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Remember:
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Water is both a weak acid and a weak base
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Define pH
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a mathematical parameter that measures the acid/base character of an
aqueous solution by expressing conveniently its hydrogen ion concentration pH = -log10 [H3O+] = -lg [H+] |
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Describe the difference in structure between cortisol and aldosterone.
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Cortisol has 3 hydroxyl groups, and aldosterone only has 2
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Describe the difference in structure between progesterone and testosterone
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Progesterone has a ketone group (not on benzyl ring) and testosterone has a hydroxyl group
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What is the difference between glucose and fructose?
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glucose=not so sweet aldehyde
fructose- very sweet ketone |
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What are the three different ways amphipathic molecules can arrange in water?
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micelles, bilayers, clusters
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What is stereochemistry?
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the study of the 3d structure of molecules.
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What are isomers?
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different compounds with the same molecular formula
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What is a constitutional isomer?
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compounds that have the same molecular formula but with different connectivities
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What are stereoisomers?
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compounds with the same connectivity but different arrangements in space
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What are enantiomers?
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stereoisomers that are mirror images of eachother but not superimposable
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What are diastereomers?
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stereoisomers that are not mirror images of eachother
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What are geometric isomers? and what are some examples?
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they are isomers that are determined by the restriction of rotation about a double bond .
maleic acid=cis fumaric acid=trans |
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Is an achiral a superimposable image?
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yes
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What is a racemic mixture?
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contains both R and S enantiomers
r=clockwise s=counter |
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What does stereospecific mean?
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complementary configuration and conformation
ex. enzyme-substrate hormone-receptor antigen-antibody |
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How can humans distinguish enatiomers?
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smell and taste (they are chiral)
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What portion of thalidomide produced negative effects?
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S thalidomide
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What are some examples of enantiomer drugs?
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Ketoprofan (R=toxic, S=analgesic,anti-inflam)
Fluoxetine (S=prevents migraines, RS=prozac) Dopa (L=antiparkinsons, D=inactive) |
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Name some peptide hormones.
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oxytocin, vasopressin, carnosine
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What is carnosines role in the body?
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present in muscle and brain tissue. powerful antioxidant
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What is a peptide bond?
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joining of two amino acids by eliminating water and between the carboxyl group of one acid and the amino group of another
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Name the basic amino acids.
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positive=basic
HAL- histidine, arginine,lysine |
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Name the essential amino acids.
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Any Help In Learning These Little Molecules Proves Truly Valuable. Arginine, Histidine, Isoleucine, Leucine, Threonine, Lysine, Methionine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Valine
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Name the nonpolar amino acids.
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AVL IPM PT
Alanine, Valine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Proline, Methionine, Phenylalaine, Tryptophan |
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Define uncommon amino acids.
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produced by common amino acids by posttranslational modification
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What is the amino acid precursor for melatonin?
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Tryptophan
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What is arginine a precursor for?
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polyamines,
dna synthesis and cell growth and ion modulaters |
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What foods can you receive essential amino acids from?
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eggs, yogurts, meat, cheese, beans
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What does amphoteric mean?
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ability to act as a base and acid
(water, amino acids) |
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What is the blood pH?
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7.35-7.45
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What are the homeostatic buffer systems?
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-bicarbonate-blood
-phosphate-buffer cells -proteins -blood through red cells |
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What are disulfide bonds in?
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oxytocin and vasopressin
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What are in peptide bonds?
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O=C and N-H
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What do the negatively charged amino acid side chains have?
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ionized carboxyl groups
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What is dopamines precursor?
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L tyrosine
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What can constiutional isomers yield as different compounds?
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different functional groups
different positions of functional groups different carbon skeleton |
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What is a biologically important geometric isomer?
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Vit A
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What is special about enantiomers?
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They have the same physical and chemical properties but different biological and optical ones
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What are some biologically important constitutional isomers?
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glucose and fructose
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What is an amino acid?
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a compound that contain both an amino group and a carboxyl group
bound to the same carbon atom. |
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What are the examples of uncommon amino acids?
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Thyroid hormones t3 and t4 (thyroxine)
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What is the precursor for catecholamines?
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amino acid tyrosine
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What is the difference between amphoteric/amphiprotic and amphipathic?
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amphipathic is having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends. amphoteric is the ability to act as both an acid and a base
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What is carnosine?
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naturally occuring dipeptide in muscle and brain tissue. also an antioxidant
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What are the macromolecules found in cells?
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lipids nucleic acids proteins and carbs
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What are 96% of all living things composed of?
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O C H N
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What are the most common covalent bonds?
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Monovalent (H), Divalent (O), trivalent (N), tetravalent (C)
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What are polar molecules or polar bonds known as?
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dipoles
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How is NaCl dissolved in h20?
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ion-dipole reaction
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Define a hydrogen bond
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particular case of attractive force between dipoles. most likely O or N when they have a lone pair or when H is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom
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