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28 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cell Division
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The continuity of life based on the reproduction of cells.
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Cell Cycle
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The life of a cell from the time it is first formed from a dividing parent cell until its own division into two cells.
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Genome
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A cell's endowment of DNA, its genetic information.
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Chromosomes
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A cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Each chromosome consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins.
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Somatic Cells
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Any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm and egg.
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Gametes
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Reproductive cells (sperm and egg) that have half as many chromosomes as somatic cells.
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Chromatin
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Eukaryotic chromosomes are made of a complex of DNA and associated proteins molecules.
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Sister Chromatid
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Either of two copiesof a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteins at the centromere and, sometimes, along the arms. While joined, two sister chromatids make up one chromosome; chromatids are eventually separated during mitosis and meiosis.
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Cohesins
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Adhesive protein complexes
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Sister Chromatid Cohesion
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Two chromatids, each containing an identical DNA molecule, are initially attached all along their lengths by adhesive protein complexes.
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Centromere
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A specialized region where the two chromatids are most closely attached.
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Arm
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The part of of a chromatid on either side of the centromere.
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Mitosis
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The division of the nucleus.
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Cytokinesis
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The division of the cytoplasm.
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Meiosis
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Yields nonidentical daughter cells that have only one set of chromosomes, thus half as many chromosomes as the parent cell.
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Mitotic (M) Phase
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The phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis. Usually the shortest part of the cell cycle.
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Interphase
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The period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing.
During interphase, cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Interphase accounts for 90% of the cell cycle. |
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G₁Phase
"first gap" |
The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins.
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S Phase
"synthesis" |
The synthesis phase of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which DNA is replicated.
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G₂Phase
"second gap" |
The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs.
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Five Stages of Mitosis
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Prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
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Prophase
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The first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin condenses, the mitotic spindle begins to form, and the nucleolus disappears, but the nucleus remains intact.
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Prometaphase
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The second stage of mitosis, in which discrete chromosomes consisting of identical sister chromatids appear, the nuclear envelope fragments, and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes.
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Metaphase
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The third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate.
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Anaphase
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The fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have seperated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell.
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Telophase
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The fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has tyically begun.
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Mitotic Spindle
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An assemblage of microtubules and associated proteins that is involved in the movement of chromosomes during mitosis.
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Centrosome
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Structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells, important during cell division; functions as a microtubule-organizing center. A centrosome has two centrioles.
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