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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
cell body aka...
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soma
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soma includes 3 things...
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ribosomes
nucleus ER |
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dendrites are attached to the cell body and branch out from it
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know
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dendrites are structures that receive/send information
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receive information
-transmit information to the cell body, integrated in the axon hillock |
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axon hillock provides a connection between the cell body and the ____
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connects cell body and the axon
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axon is a nerve fiber specializes to send/receive information
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sends information
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myelin wraps around the axon to ____ the axon and increase speed of the signal
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INSULATES it
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oligodendrocytes produce ____ in the PNS/CNS
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myelin
CNS |
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CNS does not include ___ cells and ___ cells
(the two S's) |
schwann cells
satellite cells |
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schwann cells are part of the ___ system and produce ____
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PNS
myelin |
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nodes of ranvier are small ___ between the myelin sheath wrapped around the axon
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gaps
-important for signal conduction |
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nerve terminal is the end of the axon
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know
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neurons are/not physically connected to one another....
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are not
-slight space between neurons known as the synaptic cleft aka the synapse |
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NT from the axon terminal travel across the synaptic cleft and bind to receptors on the receiving neuron
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know
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what disease involves the body attacking its own myelination?
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MS
Multiple Sclerosis |
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action potentials are all-or-none principle
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know
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resting potential resides at ___mV
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-70mV
-inside is more negative than the outside |
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neurons are selectively permeable to Na/K and the Na/K ATPase pump helps regulate this
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know
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outside of cell =
Na > K |
know
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inside of cell =
K > Na |
know
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therefore...Na wants to flow in/out of cell while K wants to flow in/out of cell
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Na wants to flow into the cell
K wants to flow out of the cell |
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which ion is more permeable? Na or K?
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K is more permeable than Na
-allows for the negative membrane potential |
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Na/K ATPase pump is responsible for return to resting potential after AP fired
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know
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Na/K ATPase pump sends ___ Na in/out in exchange for __ K in/out of cell
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3 Na out of cell
2K into the cell pump moves the concentrations AGAINST their gradient |
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depolarization of cell makes the cell ___ negative and more ____
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less negative and more postive
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what is the cellular threshold?
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-55mV to -40mV
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depolarization occurs due to rapid influx of Na+
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know
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depolarization occurs throuh voltage-gated ion channels opening to Na
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know
-Na+ pulled into the cell due to electronegativity difference |
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chemical gradient based on concentrations...flow from high to low concentration
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know
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after depolarization, inside of cell reaches +35mV and Na+ influx is slowed and repelled...
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know
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Na+ channels close and K+ channels open, allowing K+ to leave the cell, reestablishing a negative membrane potential
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know
aka repolarization |
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K+ channels are slower to close, allowing to hyperpolarization to occur
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when mV drops below resting
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refractory pd...2 types
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absolute
relative |
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absolute occurs during which stages?
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dep/repolarization
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relative occurs during which stage?
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hyperpolarization
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dep/repolarization phases allow signal to be sent in one direction...
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know
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tetrodotoxin poison blocks Na+ channels, preventing depolarization altogether
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know
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longer/shorter axons have higher resistance and therefore less speed
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longer
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thicker/thinner axons have greater speed
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thicker
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presynaptic terminal sends the signal across the synape to the postsynaptic terminal
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know
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effector cells send the signal to ___ or ___
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glands
muscles |
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what is sent across the synapse?
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NTs
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at nerve terminal / presynaptic cell the NTs are stored in vesicles
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know
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once an AP triggered, causes intake of calcium triggering the release of ___
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neurotransmitters
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NT release is ____-dependent
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calcium
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how does body remove NT from synapse?
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1. broken down by enzymatic reactions
--EX) acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine 2. reuptake carriers (recycle NTs) --EX) dopamine/serotonin 3. some NT diffuse out of area --EX) NO |
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afferent neurons...
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sensory --> brain
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efferent neurons...
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brain --> muscle
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nervous system broken into 2 categories...
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CNS
PNS |
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nerves can be sensory, motor or both
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know
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cell body collections in the PNS =
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ganglia
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cell body collections in the CNS =
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nuclei
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CNS is composed of...
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brain
spinal cord |
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brain
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enclosed in skull
-responsible for integration -sensory -coordination of muscle -cognition |
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what are two colors in the brain and whats special about them?
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gray = unmyelinated
white = myelinated |
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the brain can be divided into 3 regions...
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forebrain
midbrain hindbrain |
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forebrain includes the
-telencephalon -diencephalon |
know
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what are the four lobes of the brain?
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temporal, parietal occipital, frontal
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telencephalon includes the cerebral cortex
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cerebral cortex contains gray matter
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cerebral cortex is used for high levels of thinking = creative thought or future planning
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cerebral cortex also integrates sensory information and controls movement
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cerebral cortex is connected on each side of the brain by the...
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corpus collosum
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diencephalon is above/below the telencephalon...
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below
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diencephalon includes 2 parts...
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hypothalamus (top)
thalamus(bottom) |
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thalamus acts as middle man between the brain and body
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involved in relaying sensation, special sense and motor signals to the cerebral cortex, along with the regulation of consciousness, sleep and alertness
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midbrain
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serves as a relay point between peripheral structures and forebrain
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midbrain passes sensory and visual information to forebrain
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also receives motor instructions from forebrain to send to hindbrain
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hindbrain
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responsible for involuntary functions
-respiration |
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hindbrain consists of the..
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cerebellum
pons medulla |
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cerebellum + pons + medulla are collectively known as...
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the brain stem
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cerebellum is involved in ...
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motor control
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medulla is responsible for...
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breathing
heart rate blood pressure vomiting gastrointestinal tone -all things involuntarily controlled |
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spinal cord
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connects to hindbrain
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spinal cord is divided into 4 regions down the vertebral column...
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cervical
thoracic lumbar sacral |
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with spinal cord...white matter is on the ___side and gray matter is on the ___side
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white = outside
gray = inside |
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peripheral NS is divided into two types....
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autonomic
somatic |
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somatic NS
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responsible for voluntary movement
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what NT is linked to muscular contraction?
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Acetylcholine
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somatic is responsible for basic reflex arcs
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know
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2 types of reflex arcs...
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monsynaptic
polysynaptic |
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monosynaptic reflex arc
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single synapse hence 'mono'
-ex) knee jerk |
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polysynaptic reflex arc
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has more than 1 synapse hence 'poly'
-withdrawal reflex from something sharp or hot |
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withdrawal reflex can also incorporate legs...
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know
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autonomic NS
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involuntary controls
-innervates cardiac and smooth muscle |
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autonomic NS has control over...
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breathing
digestion circulatory system(BP) urination |
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difference between somatic and autonomic deals with ANS = 2 neuron system
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a motor neuron in somatic goes without synapse
ANS has preganglionic and postganglionic neurons |
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ANS can be divided into two systems...
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Sympathetic NS
Parasympathetic NS |
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parasympathetic NS
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-rest + digest
-blood flow to organs/d. tract -decrease to muscles -decrease HR/BP |
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vagus nerve is responsible for many parasympathetic effects on thoracic and abdominal cavities
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know
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parasympathetic uses NT... for both pre/postganglionic neurons
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acetylcholine
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sympathetic NS
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responsible for fight or flight
-increase HR/BP -reduce blood flow to d. tract/organs -increase b. flow to muscles -pupil dilation - |
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sympathetic uses ___ for preganglionic and ___ for postganglionic
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acetylcholine
norepinephrine |
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sensory neurons include
-interoceptors -proprioceptors -exteroceptors |
know
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interoceptors monitor internal environment parameters
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blood volume
blood pH Ppressure CO2 |
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proprioceptors tell of orientation of body parts in space
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know
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exteroceptors monitor the external environment such as
-light -dark -sound -taste -touch -pain -temperature |
know
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nociceptors sense pain and relay info to the brain
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know
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eye is organ used to detect light
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know
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sclera = thick white external layer
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know
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choroid provides
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oxygen
nutrients -beneath sclera |
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retina = innermost part of the eye
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contains photoreceptors that transduce light into electrical signals for brain
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cornea
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light passes through this
-bends and focuses light |
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cornea --> pupil
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muscular pigmented iris adjusts amount of light entering the pupil
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more light = pupil ____
less light = pupil ____ |
constriction
dilation |
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pupil --> lens
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does some final focusing
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ciliary muscles
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adjust the thickness of lens
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lens --> photoreceptors
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know
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two main types of photoreceptors
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rods
cones |
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rods =
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black/white colors
-used for night vision |
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cones =
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colors
red green blue |
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rods only have 1 pigment =
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rhodopsin
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excitation of light, photoreceptors send signal to bipolar cells --> ganglion cells
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ganglion cells form optic nerve
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blind spot in eye, no rods/cones there...compensated by having two eyes
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know
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aqueous humor fills the eye
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secreted near iris at base of eye
-moves from here to anterior chamber --> venous blood |
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ear transduces sound waves into electrical signals interpreted by the brain
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know
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noise --> outer ear...consists of
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auditory canal
auricle |
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outer ear collects noise --> tympanic membrane
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know
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tympanic membrane is the beginning of the ___ ear
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middle
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middle ear includes
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malleus, incus stapes
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tympanic membrane vibrates --> transmits to MIS bones --> oval window
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oval window = transition to inner ear
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inner ear is made up of...
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cochlea
semicircular canals |
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movement of ossicles on the oval window creates fluid waves in the inner ear that depolarize hair cells in the cochlea
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know
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APs from the depolarized hair cells send signals to brain via auditory nerve
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know
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semicircular canals are important for...
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balance
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semicircular canals(3/ear) are filled with ____ which triggers hair cells
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endolymph fluid
-used to determine sudden acceleration or deceleration |
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olfaction =
gustation = |
smell
taste |
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taste receptors located on tongue, soft palate(roof of mouth) and epiglottis
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know
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taste receptors = epithelial cells
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outer surface contains taste pore = microvilli concentrated
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3 cranial nerves + taste
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know
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4 sensations with taste...
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sweet
sour bitter salty |
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smell receptors =
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olfactory receptors
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efferent and ventral
afferent and dorsal |
know
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