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114 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Fe2+ is transported in the bloodstream by [________] to the [_________] for RBC formation. |
1. transferrin 2. red bone marrow |
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In the bloodstream, the rupture of RBCs is called [__________]. Hemoglobin that is not [___________] breaks down, and the alpha and beta chains are [______________] |
1. hemolysis 2. phagocytized 3. eliminated in urine |
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RBC production is called [____________] |
Erythropoiesis |
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In adults, erythropoiesis only occurs in [_____________] |
myeloid tissues (red bone marrow) |
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Where is red bone marrow found? |
Vertebrae, sternum, ribs, skull, scapulae, pelvis, and proximal limb bones |
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In order, what are the five general stages of RBC maturation? |
1. Myeloid stem cell 2. Proerythroblast 3. Erythroblast stages 4. Reticulocyte 5. Mature RBC |
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At what stage of RBC development is the nucleus ejected and the RBC enters the bloodstream? |
reticulocyte |
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Building red blood cells requires three things in general. What are they? |
1. Amino acids 2. Iron 3. Vitamins |
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What vitamins, specifically, are required to make RBCs? |
B12, B6, and folic acid |
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What happens if a person lacks B12, B6, and folic acid? |
Anemia. For example pernicious anemia. |
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What is pernicious anemia? |
Low RBC production due to B12 deficiency. |
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Which hormone stimulates RBC production in stem cells? |
Erythropoietin (EPO) |
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Where is erythropoietin made? |
The liver and kidneys |
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When is EPO secreted? |
EPO is secreted by the liver and kidneys in response to low O2 levels in the peripheral tissues |
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What does EPO do? 3 things. |
1.Stimulates division of erythroblasts 2. Stimulates stem cells that produce erythroblasts. 3. Speeds up maturation of RBCs |
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What kind of molecule are surface antigens? |
glycoproteins |
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These proteins exist on the surface of RBCs and identify cells to the immune system. |
Surface antigens |
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Surface antigens tell your immune system... |
whether a cell is normal or foreign |
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Blood types are [______________] determined by the presence of RBC [__________ _________]. Especially important ones include [__,___,___(__)] |
genetically surface antigens A, B, Rh (D) |
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What is the significance of genes on chromosome #___? |
The genes on chromosome 9 dictate blood type |
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If your blood type is O, you have what surface antigens |
neither A or B |
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This word means to attack and clump foreign antigens |
agglutinate |
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Your blood plasma contains antibodies against whichever antigens your blood type does not possess. Thusly, If you have type A blood, you have _____ antibodies With type B blood, you have _____ antibodies With type O blood you have ____ antibodies With type AB blood you have ____ antibodies |
anti-B anti-A Both anti A and anti B no |
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Throughout life, even without prior exposure, your blood possesses these type of antibodies (depending on blood type) |
A or B |
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Antibodies against __ are only developed if sensitized, which means _________ |
D; previously exposed |
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Sometimes there are issues of compatibility between ____ maternal blood and _____ fetal blood |
Rh- Rh+ |
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An Rh incompatibility between mother and child is called |
hemolytic disease of the newborn |
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When an antibody meets its specific surface antigen, what happens? |
The RBCs will agglutinate and hemolyze |
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What danger does a cross-reaction during a transfusion pose? |
Clumping interferes with normal blood flow and destroys tissues |
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Person with Type A blood can Receive from: Donate to: |
Receive: A,O Donate: A, AB |
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Person with Type B blood can Receive from: Donate to: |
Receive: B, O Donate: B, AB |
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Person with Type AB blood can Receive from: Donate to: |
Receive: AB, O, A, B Donate: AB |
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Person with type O blood can Receive from: Donate to: |
Receive: O Donate: A, B, AB, O |
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How is blood typing performed? |
Involves exposing the blood to separate solutions containing Anti-A, Anti-B, and Anti-D antibodies |
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In an emergency, what blood type is given? |
Type O- |
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Is Rh+ or Rh- more common? |
Rh+ |
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What is "cross-match" testing. |
Take a sample of the patients blood and expose it to the blood to be transfused to watch for incompatibilities with surface antigens besides A, B, and D |
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What are some other uses of blood typing? |
Paternity cases and crime scene analysis |
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With respect to crime scene analysis, what can blood typing tell you? |
It can't tell you specifically who did it, but it can rule somebody out. |
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WBCs are also called |
leukocytes |
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Three general differences between RBCs and WBCs |
WBCs contain nuclei and organelles WBCs do not contain hemoglobin WBCs have a much shorter lifespan. Hours to days |
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In the US, from most common to least common, rank the blood types |
O, A, B, AB |
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What are the three general functions of WBCs |
1. Defend against pathogens 2. Remove toxins and wastes 3. Attack abnormal cells |
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Most WBCs are found in |
connective tissue and lymphatic system organs |
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In blood, WBCs are |
found in relatively small numbers. 5-10k/microliter |
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Four characteristics of WBCs |
1. Can migrate out of the bloodstream 2. Have amoeboid movement 3. Attracted to chemical stimuli called positive chemotaxis 4. Some are phagocytic (neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes) |
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What is the chemical stimuli called that attracts WBCs |
positive chemotaxis |
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What types of WBCs are granular |
Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils |
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What types of WBCs are agranular |
Monocytes and Lymphocytes |
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With regard to WBCs, what does it mean to be granular or agranular? |
the presence or absence of granules visible after staining on a microscope |
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What is the relative abundance of types of white blood cells |
Neutrophils>Lymphocytes>Monocytes>Eosinophils>Basophils |
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Describe the appearance of neutrophils |
2-5 lobed nucleus. Granular. Have pale cytoplasmic granules that contain hydrogen peroxides and superperoxides = bactericides |
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What is the bactericidal mechanism of neutrophils |
Neutrophils have pale cytoplasmic granules that contain hydrogen peroxides and superperoxides |
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Which type of WBC is first to attack bacteria |
Neutrophils |
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How to neutrophils attack pathogens? |
Engulf and digest pathogens. |
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__________ release prostaglandins which _____________ and _______________ |
Neutrophils increase capillary permeability cause local inflammation |
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_____________ release leukotrienes, which ______________ |
Neutrophils "call" other phagocytes |
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The action of ___________ produces pus. |
Neutrophils |
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Describe the nucleus of eosinophils |
two lobed nucleus |
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How do eosinophils stain? |
Granular. Granules stain darkly in acidic, red stain |
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_____________ can engulf foreign particles if they are _____________ |
marked with antibodies |
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____________ also complete exocytosis of toxic compounds to destroy pathogens that are.... |
Eosinophils Too large to engulf |
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Eosinophils are especially effective against __________ |
parasitic worms |
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This type of WBC is sensitive to allergens |
Eosinophils |
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This type of WBC migrates and accumulates in damaged tissues |
Basophils |
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Basophils release __________ and __________ to ______________ and __________ |
histamine and heparin dilate blood vessels and prevent clotting |
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Describe the nucleus of monocytes |
Oval or kidney bean shaped |
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What are the general physical characteristics of monocytes? |
Much larger than RBCs. Spherical in shape |
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These WBCs are much larger than RBCs and are spherical in shape. |
Monocytes |
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These WBCs enter peripheral tissues and become macrophages |
Monocytes |
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What is a macrophage |
a particularly aggressive phagocyte. It can engulf items as large or larger than itself |
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This WBC secretes substances to attract other phagocytes and fibroblasts to seal an injured area |
Monocytes |
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This type of WBC is slightly larger than an RBC |
Lymphocyte |
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What kind of nucleus do lymphocytes have? |
Large, round nucleus |
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This type of WBC migrates in and out of blood, tissues, and organs of the lymphatic system |
Lymphocytes |
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This type of WBC is part of the body's specific defense system |
Lymphocytes |
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There are three classes of lymphocytes. Name them |
1. T Cells 2. B Cells 3. Natural Killer (NK) cells |
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Describe T Cells |
cell-mediated immunity. Must migrate to target and attack foreign cells directly |
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Describe B-Cells |
Humoral immunity. Makes antibodies. Does not have to migrate to the target |
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Describe natural killer cells |
do immune surveillance. Detect and destroy cancer cells |
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Clinical term for low WBC count |
leukopenia |
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Clinical term for elevated WBC count |
leukocytosis |
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What sort of WBC numbers would one expect from someone with leukemia? |
Leukocytosis - elevated WBC count |
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From what kind of cells do WBCs originate? |
hemocytoblasts |
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What is a hemocytoblast? |
A myeloid stem cell |
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__________ stem cells make all WBCs except for ___________, which are made in ____________ |
myeloid lymphocytes Red bone marrow |
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While __________ are made from myeloid stem cells, they ____________ |
monocytes finish development in the tissues |
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What is the term for the production of lymphocytes, what cells are responsible for it, and where are they found |
lymphopoiesis lymphoid stem cells red bone marrow |
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Speaking generally, what are platelets? |
Cell fragments involved in the human clotting system. |
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Platelets circulate ______ days, and then are engulfed by _____________ in the _________ to remove |
9-12 phagocytosis spleen |
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Approximately _________ of platelets circulate. Approximately ________ are kept on reserve in case of emergencies. |
2/3 1/3 |
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Term for abnormally low platelet count |
thrombocytopenia |
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Term for abnormally high platelet count. Possible causes for this. |
Thrombocytosis. Overproduction in response to infection, inflammation, or certain cancers |
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3 general functions of platelets |
1. Release chemicals important to clotting process 2. Forming a temporary patch at the wall of the damaged blood vessels 3. Reducing the size of a break in vessel wall |
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What is the name for the temporary patch at the wall of damaged blood vessels? |
Platelet plug |
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How do platelets reduce the size of a break in a vessel wall? |
Platelets contain actin and myosin, which contract once a clot is formed |
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What is the term for platelet production? Where does it occur? |
Thrombocytopoiesis. Red bone marrow |
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From what cells do platelets arise? |
Megakaryocytes, giant cells in bone marrow. They manufacture platelets from cytoplasm |
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What three hormones control platelet production? |
1. Thrombopoietin 2. Interleukin-6 3. Multi-colony stimulating factor. |
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Origin and mechanism of thrombopoietin |
peptide hormone from kidneys. Stimulates production of megakaryocytes |
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Function of interleukin-6 |
Stimulates platelet formation from megakaryoctes |
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Function of multi-colony stimulating factor |
Stimulates myeloid stem cell production that will lead to megakaryocytes |
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Term for the cessation of bleeding through the walls of a damaged vessel |
hemostasis |
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What are the 3, but really 4, phases of hemostasis? |
1. Vascular phase 2. platelet phase 3. Coagulation phase 4. clot retraction |
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What happens during the vascular phase of hemostasis? |
Local contraction of smooth muscles of vessel to reduce diameter of vessel (vascular spasm) Endothelial cells become sticky & begin division to speed up repair |
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What happens during the platelet phase of hemostasis? |
Platelets attach to the sticky endothelial cells from the vascular phase. Forms a platelet plug Platelets release chemicals to promote aggregation of more platelets, more vascular spasm, and vessel repair |
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What happens during the coagulation phase of hemostasis? |
Circulating fibrinogen is converted to fibrin -- an insoluble protein This forms a blood clot: a growing fibrin meshwork that traps blood cells and seals the damaged site |
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What happens during clot retraction? |
Platelets contract once the fibrin meshwork is formed |
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______________(_________________) are needed for proper clot formation |
Clotting factors (procoagulants) |
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This vitamin is important for the formation of _______ different proteins involved in clotting. |
Vitamin K Four |
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Describe vitamin K |
Fat soluble vitamin found in green vegetables, grains, organ meats, and produced by gut bacteria |
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Many clotting factors are _____________ that are inactive until activated by the clotting process |
proenzymes |
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Activation of one proenzyme often creates an enzyme that.... |
activates a second proenzyme in the pathway |
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done |
done |