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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Case study |
Intensive study on individual that includes clinical data, observations, medical and psychological tests, and historical/biographical information. Bad for global application, no causal info, easy to be biased. |
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Levels of evidence |
1: randomized, controlled studies 2: correlational and observed studies 3: case studies and clinical judgements or opinions |
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Analogue study |
Investigation that attempts to replicate/simulate a situation that occurs in real life. |
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Endophenotype |
Measurable characteristics that indicate the genetic pathways involved in a disorder. |
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Steps of a genetic linkage study |
-The proband and their family members identified. -Proband asked about psychiatric history of specific family members -These members contacted and given assessment to determine mental health status. |
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Reliability: Test retest reliability |
Determines whether measure yields the same results when given at two different points in time. |
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Reliability: internal consistency reliability |
Requires that various parts of test yield similar or consistent results. |
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Reliability: Interrater reliability |
How consistent tests results are when scored by different t test administrators. |
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Predictive validity |
How well a test or measure predicts or forecasts a person's behaviour, response, or performance. |
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Construct validity |
How well a test or measure relates to the characteristics of disorder in question. |
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Content validity |
How well a test measures what it is intended to measure. |
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Standardizarion |
Use of identical procedures in the administration of tests. |
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Standardization sample |
Sample group on which test norms are based. |
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Mental status examination components |
Appearance, speech, mood, thought process, affect, thought content, memory, abstract thought, and general knowledge. |
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Projective personality tests |
-Rorschach (symmetrical inkblots) -Thematic appreciation test (30 picture cards depicting 2 people in vague scenes). Both lack validity. |
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Self report inventories: MMPI |
Personality test with 567 statements. Ask whether true or false about self. 10 clinical scales measuring different characteristics. Alert clinicians to possible faking answers. |
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Self report inventories: Beck depression inventory |
21 items measuring mood, appetite, suicidal thoughts, etc. |
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Limitations of self report inventories |
-No opportunity to explain answer. -Personality can mask symptoms. -Cultural bias of clinician, personal culture affecting response of participant. |
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IQ |
Indicates individuals level of performance relative to that of other people the same age. 100 is mean. Predicts school performance, detects intellectual disability. |
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Weschler adult intelligence scale |
Persons 16 and older. WAIS-IV assesses verbal comprehension, perceptual organization, working memory, and processing speed. |
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Stanford Binet intelligence scale |
Assesses intelligence in individuals 2-85. Examiner establishes basal age (pass all subtests) and ceiling age (fail all subtests) as part of process calculating score. |
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MMPI scales: hypochondriasis |
Individuals showing excessive worry about health with reports of obscure pains. |
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MMPI scales: Depression |
People suffering from chronic depression. |
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MMPI scales: Hysteria |
Individuals who react to stress by developing physical symptoms. |
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MMPI scales: Psychopathic deviate |
People who show irresponsibility, disregard social conventions, and lack deep emotional responses. |
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MMPI scale: Masculinity femininity |
People tending to identify with the opposite sex rather than their own. |
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MMPI scales: Paranoia |
People who are suspicious, sensitive, and feel persecuted. |
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MMPI scales: Psychasthenia |
People trouble with fears and compulsive tendencies |
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MMPI scales: Schizophrenia |
People with bizarre thoughts and behaviours |
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MMPI scales: Hypomania |
People who are physically and mentally overactive and who shift rapidly in ideas and actions. |
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MMPI scales: Social introversion |
People who tend to withdraw from social contacts and responsibilities. |
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Criticisms of IQ |
-Reflect social and cultural factors rather than innate intelligence. -Predictive validity low. -Question whether current conceptions of IQ tests and intelligence are accurate. |
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Bender gestalt visual motor test |
9 geometric designs in black on white. Participants copy them on piece of paper. Certain drawing impairments indicate pathology. |
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Halsted Reitman neuropsychological test |
Differenciates patients with brain damage and can provide location of damage. |
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DSM disorders categories: neurodevelopmental disorders |
Cognitive, learning, and language disabilities evident in early life. |
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DSM disorders categories: neurocognitive disorders |
Psychological or behavioural abnormalities associated with dysfunction of the brain. |
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DSM disorders categories: substance related and addictive disorders |
Excessive use of alcohol, illicit drugs, or prescription medications that results in impaired functioning; behavioural addictions such as gambling. |
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DSM disorders categories: schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders |
Disorders marked by severe impairment in thinking and perception, often involving delusions, hallucinations, and inappropriate affect. |
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DSM disorders categories: bipolar and related disorders |
Disorder marked by episodes of mania or hypomania alternating with normal or depressed mood. |
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DSM disorders categories: depressive disorders |
Disorder associated with feelings of sadness, emptiness, and social withdrawal. |
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DSM disorders categories: anxiety disorders |
Disorders characterized by excessive or irrational anxiety or fear, often accompanied by avoidance behaviours and fearful cognitions or worry. |
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DSM disorders categories: obsessive compulsive and related disorders |
Disorders characterized by obsessions and or compulsions and other compulsive behaviours like hoarding. |
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DSM disorders categories: trauma and stressor related disorders |
Disorders associated with chronic or acute reactions to trauma and stress. |
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DSM disorders categories: trauma and stressor related disorders |
Disorders associated with chronic or acute reactions to trauma and stress. |
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DSM disorders categories: dissociative disorders |
Disturbance or alteration in memory, identity, or consciousness, including amnesia, having two or more distinct personalities, or experiencing feelings of depersonalization. |
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DSM disorders categories: sexual dysfunctions |
Disorders involving the disruption of any stage of normal sexual response cycle, including desire, arousal, orgasm. |
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DSM disorders categories: gender dysphoria |
Significant distress associated with conflict between biological sex and gender assigned at birth. |
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DSM disorders categories: paraphilic disorders |
Recurrent and intense sexual fantasies or urges involving nonhuman objects, pain, humiliation, or children. |
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DSM disorders categories: eating disorders |
Disturbed eating patterns and body dissatisfaction involved in bingeing, purging, and excessive dieting. |
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DSM disorders categories: sleep wake disorders |
Problems in initiating or maintaining sleep, excessive sleepiness, sleep disruptions, sleepwalking, or repeated awakening associated with nightmares. |
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DSM disorders categories: personality disorders |
Disorders involving stable personality traits that are inflexible and maladaptive and notably impair functioning or cause subjective distress. |
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DSM disorders categories: personality disorders |
Disorders involving stable personality traits that are inflexible and maladaptive and notably impair functioning or cause subjective distress. |
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Causal and contributing factors |
-biological/genetic -environmental -developmental -social -cultural -behavioural |
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Concerns with the DSM: Broadening |
Viewing mental disorders more broadly or on a continuum may have the unexpected consequences of broadening diagnostic boundaries to encompass people with less severe symptoms. |
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Concerns with the DSM: Changing criteria |
Criteria for certain disorders, such as alcohol use disorders, increases numbers of people diagnosed. |
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Concerns with the DSM: Outside pressure |
Decisions regarding the dsm5 has been influenced by outside pressure, such as pharma companies which can pressure to increase diagnosis. |
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Concerns with the DSM: addictive disorders |
Now include behavioural addictions. Some believe that this may result in medicalization of behavioural problems. |
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Concerns with the DSM: premenstrual dysphoria disorder |
Should be considered physiological or gynaecological and that it is stigmatizing to label sever premenstrual mood swings as disordered. |
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Concerns with the DSM: cross cultural applications |
Prevalence of some disorders varies globally. May be that some descriptions of disorders developed in western countries do not fit others. |