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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Ethology Basic Concepts |
Species specific innate behavior Evolutionary Perspective Learning Predispositions Ethological Methodology |
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Species Specific Innate Behavior |
Emphasizes the biological contributions to behaviors Ex: Cat hunting (Most active at dusk) -Innate behavior since can see best at night |
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4 Characteristics of Innate Behavior |
Unvarying sequences of actions Present w/out experience (No learning) Universal to the species Relatively unchanged w/learning |
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Fixed Action Pattern |
Complex innate behavior -Promote Survival -Greylag goose egg routine -Satin Bowerbird Nests |
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Evolutionary Psychology |
Emphasis on adaptiveness of cognition -Brain's specialized mechanisms of processes -How it solves problems |
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Evolutionary Psychology Approches |
-Mental and psychological traits are products of natural selection (Memory, perception, etc.) -How evolution has shaped the mind -Sex specific mating behaviors |
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Critical Periods |
Time during development w/increased sensitivity to environmental influences or stimulation -Primed to respond to stimuli |
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Critical Period (Humans) |
Binocular vision - Not innate -Learning through interaction of the environment -Input from two properly aligned eyes |
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Zone of Proximinal Development |
Gap or distance between what a child can do and what it will eventually be able to do by itself |
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Characteristics of imprinting |
Animal is pre-tuned biologically -Prepares animal to make associations -Environment can modify |
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General Learning |
Evolution/biology -Endowed us with a general capacity to learn and solve problems |
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Specific Learning |
All learning is not equal -Some problems easier to solve -Learning to open and close things -Math |
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Clarks Nutcrackers (Learning) |
-bury nuts in summer/spring -Come back in winter and know where all are -Do not touch others -Recover over 95% |
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Humans (Learning) |
Biologically ready for Language -if in isolation, don't learn how to properly communicate |
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Bowlby (Attachment) |
-Observational Mother and child have innate tendency to form attachment -Evolved responses which promote survival -Early attachment w/caregiver is essential for normal development |
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Ethogram |
A detailed description of its behavior of a species in its natural environment -Write all the time -Extremely time consuming |
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Classification |
Classify behaviors according to their function for survival |
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Compare |
Compare how a behavior functions in different species and how different behaviors serve the same function in other species |
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Laboratory Experiments |
Determine immediate causes of behavior described in the first three steps |
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Comparison Example |
Innate reflex to cling -Development of attachment -Infants and baby monkeys react same |
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Haven of Safety |
Hide behind parent when fear Parent is safe, secure base -Allows to be comfortable in certain situations |
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Factors which affect Attachment |
Opportunity for attachment Quality of caregiver -Respond promptly and consistently Infant characteristics (Needs) |
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Baby Faces |
-Want to treat them as babies, "take care of them" -Highlights different area of brain when seen -Even if dont have kids |
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Quality of Attachments (Ainsworth |
"Strange Situation" Attach infant will: Use mother as a secure base -Be soothed by mother during reunion |
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Secure Attachment (Response Behaviors) |
Baby distressed when parent leaves, relieved when parent returns (65%) |
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Insecure Attachment (Response Behaviors) |
Negative responses, lead to problems later -EX: coping w/stress in college |
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Resistant (Response Behaviors) (Insecure Attachment) |
Clings to parent and angry when she returns (12%) |
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Avoident (Response Behaviors) (Insecure Attachment) |
Not caring if mother is present or leaves. Ignores mother upon return (5%) |
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Disorganized (Response Behaviors) (Insecure Attachment) |
Inconsistent behaviors saw calmness AND anger (5-10%) |
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Factors affecting Attachment Styles |
Caregiver's sensitivity to the infants needs Family Stress Parental psychopathology (Depression) Infant's temperament |
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Attachment Styles and Survival |
-Adapting to care-giving conditions (up chance surv) -Parents heavily invested and sensitive to needs -Environmental pressures are greater -Insecure attachment is more adaptive |
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Peer Interactions |
Ability to meet needs while maintaining positive social relations -Take turns, share, etc |
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Movie Viewer Ex |
Combination of cooperation and competition -1 kid for each job -4 jobs, only one can view |
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Attachment style and regulation of Emotions (Contemp) |
College Students -Insecurely attached leads to inability to regulate emotions -greater chance for depression |
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Culture Learning |
Passing on socially learned information Influenced y socializing Pooling of cognitive resources |
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Unique to humans? |
Recently found in primates -Have theory of mind |