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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
ISO/IEC 42010:2007
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ISO Standard: Systems and software engineering—
Architecture description |
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architecture
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Fundamental organization of a system embodied in its
components, their relationships to each other and to the environment, and the principles guiding its design and evolution. |
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architectural description (AD)
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Collection of document types to convey an
architecture in a formal manner |
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stakeholder
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Individual, team, or organization (or classes thereof) with
interests in, or concerns relative to, a system. |
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view
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Representation of a whole system from the perspective of a related set
of concerns. |
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viewpoint
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A specification of the conventions for constructing and using a view.
A template from which to develop individual views by establishing the purposes and audience for a view and the techniques for its creation and analysis |
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Computer architecture
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encompasses all of the parts of a computer system that are
necessary for it to function, including the operating system, memory chips, logic circuits, storage devices, input and output devices, security components, buses, and networking interfaces. |
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central processing unit (CPU)
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A silicon component made up of
integrated chips with millions of transistors that carry out the execution of instructions within a computer. |
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register
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Small, temporary memory storage units integrated and used
by the CPU during its processing functions. |
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Arithmetic logic unit (ALU)
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Component of the CPU that carries
out logic and mathematical functions as they are laid out in the programming code being processed by the CPU. |
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control unit
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Part of the CPU that oversees the collection of
instructions and data from memory and how they are passed to the processing components of the CPU. |
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general registers
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Temporary memory location the CPU uses during
its processes of executing instructions. The ALU’s “scratch pad” it uses while carrying out logic and math functions |
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special registers
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Temporary memory location that holds critical
processing parameters. They hold values as in the program counter, stack pointer, and program status word. |
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program counter
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Holds the memory address for the following
instructions the CPU needs to act upon. |
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stack
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Memory segment used by processes to communicate
instructions and data to each other. |
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Program status word
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Condition variable that indicates to the CPU
what mode (kernel or user) instructions need to be carried out in |
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User mode (problem state)
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Protection mode that a CPU works
within when carrying out less trusted process instructions. |
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Kernel mode (supervisory state, privilege mode)
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Mode that a CPU
works within when carrying out more trusted process instructions. The process has access to more computer resources when working in kernel versus user mode. |
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Address bus
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Physical connections between processing components
and memory segments used to communicate the physical memory addresses being used during processing procedures. |
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Data bus
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Physical connections between processing components and memory segments used to transmit data being used during processing
procedures. |
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Symmetric mode multiprocessing
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When a computer has two or
more CPUs and each CPU is being used in a load-balancing method. |
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Asymmetric mode multiprocessing
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When a computer has two or
more CPUs and one CPU is dedicated to a specific program while the other CPUs carry out general processing procedures. |
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process
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Program loaded in memory within an operating system.
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multiprogramming
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Interleaved execution of more than one program
(process) or task by a single operating system. |
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Multitasking
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Simultaneous execution of more than one program
(process) or task by a single operating system. |
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Cooperative multitasking
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Multitasking scheduling scheme used by
older operating systems to allow for computer resource time slicing. Processes had too much control over resources, which would allow for the programs or systems to “hang.” |
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Preemptive multitasking
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Multitasking scheduling scheme used by
operating systems to allow for computer resource time slicing. Used in newer, more stable operating systems. |
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Process states (ready, running, blocked)
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Processes can be in various
activity levels. Ready = waiting for input. Running = instructions being executed by CPU. Blocked = process is “suspended.” |
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Interrupts
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Values assigned to computer components (hardware and
software) to allow for efficient computer resource time slicing. |
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Maskable interrupt
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Interrupt value assigned to a noncritical
operating system activity. |
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Nonmaskable interrupt
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Interrupt value assigned to a critical
operating system activity. |
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Thread
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Instruction set generated by a process when it has a specific
activity that needs to be carried out by an operating system. When the activity is finished, it is destroyed. |
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Multithreading
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Applications that can carry out multiple activities
simultaneously by generating different instruction sets (threads). |
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Software deadlock
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Two processes cannot complete their activities
because they are both waiting for system resources to be released. |