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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Human physiognomy (1600) |
Study of facial features, Giambattista della porta studied cadavers of criminals |
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Johann lavator (1700) |
Studied relationship between behavior and face structure |
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Gall & phrenology (1800) |
Crime was one if the behaviors that is governed by sections of the brain, measuring bumps on the head |
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1900s |
Science considered a new religion, knowledge and solution to problems like disease, crime, stwrvation, and unemployment |
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Biogovernance |
Using biotechnology to manage potential deviants, cloning, gene therapy (human genome project) |
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Biometrics |
Finger peints, palm prints, facial recognition, voice, key dtroke |
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Key to understanding crime |
Study criminal actor, not the criminal act |
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Positivist method |
Application of the scientific method to the study of the biological, psychological, and social characteristics of the criminal, look for cause and affect |
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Criminal anthropology |
Classified by physical appearance (body type, shape of head), italians |
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Cesare lombroso |
Father of criminology, used scientific method, opposes to beccaria. Humans differ, actavism |
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Atavism |
Reappearance of a characteristic in a family after it had been absent for several generations |
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Born criminals (predisposition to crime) |
1/3 of criminal population, responsible for most serious offenses |
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Criminals by passion |
Commits crime to connect the emotional pain of an injustice (victims father kills offender) |
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Insane criminal |
Imbecile/affected brain, unable to distinguish right from wrong |
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Occasional criminal |
Weak, easily swayed, epilepsy, accidental crime and occupation is crime |
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Enrico ferri |
Crime was physical (race/climate), anthropological (age/gender), and socaik. Preferred prevention, not punishment |
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Garofalo |
Crime rooted in organic flaw, criminals unable to adapt to society, eliminated through death/imprisonment |
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William Sheldon & body types |
No pure body type Ectomorph: fragile & thin, very tense and thoughtful (rare theft) Endomorph: round, pudgy, medium height (occasional fraud, delinquency) Mesomorph: muscular, wide shoulders (aggressice, violent, robbery) |
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Twin studies |
Identical (MZ) twins produce more crime than fraternal (DZ) twins, biological reasoning, Karl Christiansen |
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Adoption studies |
Higher criminal rate if bio parent had a criminal record and adoptive parent didn't (environmental) Karl Christiansen. Research with nature portion w/o nurture portion messing with results |
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E.O. Wilson |
Gene is the ultimate unit of life biology has biggest effect. Selfish gene and conditional free will |
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Sensation and arousal theory |
Dopamine depressed people are those who have low levels of endorphins and dopamine & experience lower emotional arousal (Lee ellis) |
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Eugenics |
Saving nations stock from degeneration by rejecting the unfot, preventing their reproduction & encouraging the fit to procreate |
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Fishbein |
Behavior is not inherited, the way an individual responsible to the environment is inherited |
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Extra Y chromosome (supermale) |
1-3% have it, no evidence on them being violent. |
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ADD/ADHD (autonomic nervous system) |
Messes up system, more prone to commit criminal acts without fearing consequences |
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Testosterone/progesterone |
Higher levels of testosterone link to aggressive/violent behavior in males. Reduction of progesterone causes stress and irritability in females |
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Medical model |
If inheritance like genes are the causes of crime, then preventive policy should involve identifying people prior to their creating harm. |
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Number 1 fiscal cost |
Corrections, keep people in until they served their minimum sentence. Used to be education in last decade |
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2 things to be proven before guilty |
Mens rea (guilty mind,criminal intent), actus rea (voluntary participation in overt willful behavior. |
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Mentally ill |
Not more likely to commit crimes than the healthy, less likely to relapse compared to others, 1.5 times more likely to be incarcerated than to be hospitalized |
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Forensic psychology (profiling) |
Used to apprehend offenders and predict future stikes |
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James Prichard (biological thinking) |
Moral insanity to describe criminal behavior |
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Henry maudsley (bio thinking) |
Crime was a firm of release for pathological minds that prevented them from going insane |
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Isaac ray (bio thinking) |
Believe that it was pathological urges that drove some to commit crime |
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Differential psychology |
Differences between people |
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Process psychology |
Differences in the situation and emergent environmens |
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Socialization |
Criminal behaviors stem from abnormal development processes affecting the mind. (Traumatic events) |
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Psychoanalytic approach (freud) |
Crime is an expression of buried internal conflicts that result from traumas and deprivation during childhood. Unconcious guilt (crime), demeaning and seeing women as castrated men |
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Ego, is, superego |
Ego, reality. Id, pleasure. Superegi, moral police. |
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Sublimation and repression |
Sub, diverting desires of id into actions approved by superego Rep, drives of I'd denied, resulting in abnormal reactions |
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Attachment theory (blaming mother) & psychoanalytic approach |
Maternal deprivation creates anti social and affection less people. Former a secure emotional base with someone for personality development |
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Frustration/aggressive theory & psychoanalytic approach |
Those who feel that world is against them may turn to crime as a means of satisfying their creativity. Offender may not be responsible for actions, may be sick (inferiority complex) |
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Limitations of frustration theory |
Circular logic, small number of subjects in research |
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Trait base personality theory |
Criminal personally develops from illness, brain injury, drug abuse, environment. Identifying traits early can treat people before behavior becomes a problem. Reliance on diagnostic devices for research |
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Anti social personality |
Pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of rights of others (classification of behavior), replaced psychopath |
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Psychopathology |
Socail, aggressive, feeling no guilt and no affection with others. |
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Mmpi |
Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory. Detects personality patterns through T/F, detect future criminal |
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CPI |
California psychological inventory. Determine if a person has traits like dominance, tolerance and sociability |
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Social learning/modeling |
People don't respond but observe situations before they decide to act. Romodeling, imitation. Violence in movies, rewarding good behavior and monitoring media more complex than behavioral learning theory |
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Limitations of learning theory |
Lack of understanding protective factors and unable to explain gender, race, age differences in behavior |
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Cognitive theory |
Human reasoning processes shape way humans act. Bad learning produces criminal behavior choices, higher self-esteem. |
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Piaget cognitive theory |
Children have ability to use logic, reflect though processes (kohlberg applied to moral development) |
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Beck and bandura cognitive theory |
Thinking shapes feelings/actions, hostile framing, belief in one's ability to achieve their goals. |
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Limitations on cognitive theory |
Doesn't explain why some offenders think criminally and why some dont, disregards emotions |
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Ecological psychology |
Study of how environmental factors (unemployment, social settings). Community policing, manipulate environmental factors |
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Evolutionary psychology |
Behavior is directly or indirectly related to inherited mechanisms that increase survival odds while dealing with natural selection (Lee ellis) |
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Jfk's joint commission on mental health |
1. Should be a broader definition of who could deliver mental health services 2. Early invention was critical 3. Intervention should occur in the community |
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Limitations on ecological and evolutionary |
Not well thought out, doesn't include that humans can modify their behavior |
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Genetic evolutionary perspective |
Routes whereby behavior is maintained/changes over time. Biology, psychology, culture, environment |
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Polis (greek) |
Rules agree that something is our policy |
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Number 1 fiscal cost |
Corrections is number 1, very expensice. In the last decade it was education |
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Federal prison released |
6,000 people in federal prison were released because of non-violent crimes (drugs) |
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Judge Hathaway (Richard wershe trial) |
Ruled in favor of a resentencing of Richard because his youth at the time and the circumstances surrounding the crime |
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Evolutionary neuroandrogenic theory |
Males are naturally selected to engage in resource procurement and status thriving (biological theory) |
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Adrian raine (groups opposed to bio approach) |
Politicians, social scientists, eugenics moment peopke, advocates of free will |
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Purpose of ch. 4 (bio) |
To establish a foundation for understanding contemporary criminology theory development |
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Limitation of contemporary genetic studies |
Don't distinguish between occasional/situational crimes and crimes of longer-term, repetitive nature |
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Prefrontal cortex |
Guardian angel part of the brain mentioned by Adrian raine |
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Richard wernshe |
Served 27 years of his life with possibility of parole sentence for drug possession |
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Criminal behavior |
Legally defined, not behavioral |
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Genetic predisposition to criminal behavior |
Characteristics like low resting heart rate, smoking and drinking by pregnant mothers, nor eating enough fish |
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Social learning theory |
Persons interactions with society's orgsnizations, institutions, and processes. People learn through modeling and teaching, either follow regular or delinquent norms |
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Differential association theory |
Normal learning processes where the wrong behavior is learned. Content of what is learned and process if learning is important, crime is politically defined |
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Sutherland (DAT) 9 positions |
1. Crime is learned 2.learned though interaction 3. Occurs within groups 4. Learning techniques/motives 5. Motive from legal codes 6. Excess of definitions favorable to violation of law is delinquent 7. Differential associations vary 8. Behavior is expression of needs |
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Differential social organization |
Complex society is comprised of multiple conflicting groups, each with its own unique norms/values, having depends on group one is socialized with |
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Differential association problems |
Not well defined, social learning is too simple and passive, not all criminal bahvior is learned and hard to test theory (cross-sectional) |
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Differential reinforcement theory |
Rewarding a minor rule breaking can lead to more serious violationw, punishment may increase tendency towards crime. Criminal behavior is self-reinforcing |
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Differential identification theory |
Burgess, akers, learning is a complex relationship depending on feedback from environment, pos/negative punishment |
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Implications of DAT policy |
Keep youth away from criminal groups and educate them to resist messages from these groups. Help people already influenced by crime, family based community for youth |
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Neutralization idea (matza, sykes) |
Juveniles learn how to excuse, justify, rationalize delinquency and crime. Mainstream and delinquent culture are connected, freeing of delinquent moral bind of law so they can choose to commit crime |
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Social disorganization theory |
Those who become criminals are isolated from mainstream culture and forced into own impoverished neighborhood |
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Observational learning |
Attention to behavior (arousal/awareness), retention of bevior (memory), behavior reproduction (pshycial capabilities and skills), motivation from others |
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Neutralization original techniques |
Denial of responsibility, denial of injury, denial of victim (deserved it), condemnation of condemners (corrupt cj system), appeal to higher loyalties (steal for family) |
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Neutralization new techniques |
Metaphor of ledger (done more good than bad), claim of normality, denial of negative intent (just a joke), claim of relative acceptability (not the worst criminal out there), claim of entitlement (army cheating on wives) |
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Neutralization timing of techniques |
After illegal act to reduce blame, before doing act to see if acceptable, before thinking of act, actor moral free to choose the act. |
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Banderas moral disengagement theory |
Involves psychological maneuvers to disengage moral control justificatory and displacement/diffusion of responsibility |
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Neutralization policy implication |
Need to eliminate/lessen, contradictions in modern culture, injustice, double standards |
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Limitations of neutralization theory |
No way to measure or identify, describes behavior of socially attached people only, cross-sectional not longitudinal |
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Diffusion of responsibility |
Form of an excuse, diminishes persons active human agency both to himself and others |
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Malcom x & black rights |
Could not own a house until 1970s in EL, could not be out after dark in 1950s. Malcom x father was killed in mason |
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Strict gun laws |
Chicago/new york, football player sent to jail for 2 years for accidentally shooting self in the leg. |
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Mental health &criminology |
It is a central issue and very brutal. Part of criminology, shouldn't own a gun if mentally ill or if done a lot of drugs |
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Kkk |
Against the catholics because Christians said jews murdered Jesus and Romans crucified him. Hated the carholics |
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2 main psychological assumptions |
Development if socialization, importance of measurement |
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Dysfunctional thinking |
Hostile framing |
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Mental illness violence and how many struggle |
Less than 5% are violent and 1 in 5 have a mental disorder |
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Aaron beck |
Father of modern cognitive theory |
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Expansion of affordable cares act, medicaid |
Key measure that would significantly expand access to mental health treatment |
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Insanity defense |
Frequently used but not very successful in winning cases |
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Juvenile prison sentencing |
Unconstitutional, cruel and unusual punishment. Henry Montgomery sentenced for life without parole. Deciding to set a ban on the cruel punishment but only for new criminals. |