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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Positivist Criminology
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- Focus on offender
- Consensus view: everyone is normal - Scientific Method - Rehabilitation Focus |
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Early Positivism
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Phrenology -> skull shape
Physiognomy -> face and body features Palmistry -> Palm reading |
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Phrenology
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Skull shape
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Physiognomy
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Face and body features
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Palmistry
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Palm Reading
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Cesare Lombroso
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- Biological Positivism
- Born Criminals can be identified through physical stigmata (facial features, appearance, behavior - good vision, idleness, orgies, tattoos, violence) |
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Lombroso Theory
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- fed the attitude of the 1800s
- when challenged Lombroso would modify (epileptics, insane ppl) |
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Results of Lombroso Theory
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- students of Lombroso adopted Fascist attitudes and legitimized genocide
- Medical schools loved Lombroso - Research evolved b/c of bad research criticism of Lombroso |
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Body Type Theories
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- 1940s - 1960s
- Somatotypes - body build and personality (3 types) 1) Endomorphs - soft, round, lazy, extroverted 2) Mesomorphs - hard, muscular, aggressive, assertive, action, extroverted 3) Ectomorphs - thin, fragile introverted, sensitive worriers |
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Somatotype
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body build and how affects personality
1940s-1960s |
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Endomorphs
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Soft, round, lazy, extroverted
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Mesomorphs
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Hard, muscular, aggressive, assertive, action, extroverted
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Ectomorphs
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Thin, fragile, introverted, sensitive worriers
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Criticisms of Biological Positivism
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- where is th link b/w ancient trait and modern law
- bad quantification, how do you score body type (ugliness) - what about birth defects and accidental injury - theory is based on small research sample |
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Brain Disorders - Psychiatry
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1930s-1950s
- Lobotomy: damaging "bad" brain parts - Drug Therapy: doping brain functions - Surgery: disrupting emotions to thought nerve transmissions |
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Nature vs. Nurture
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is criminality inherited or learned (never ending question)
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Id, ego, superego
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id = unorganized part of the brain the contains the basic drives
ego = please the ids drive that will benefit in the long term and is realistic (mediate id and reality) superego = influence of other ppl on you |
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Freudian Criminology
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Crime results from repressed personality conflict
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Hans Eysenck
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- Crime and Personality
- crime results from an interaction b/w environment and the central nervous system --- The CNS is not developed to conform to social expectations ---we learn moral habits and conscience when young and if we dont learn properly we may act out criminally |
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Eysenck's 4 orders of Personality
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1) Intelligence - ability
2) Extroversion/Introversion 3) Neuroticism 4) Psychoticism |
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Extroversion
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- Eysenck order of personality
- impulsive, social, excitement seeking, easily bored, quick tempered, aggressive, unreliable - Criminals (fun loving, thrill seeking, risky) |
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Introversion
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- Eysenck order of personality
- overly stimulated by the environment - seek to eliminate more stimulation "Just add alcohol to make extrovert" |
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Neuroticism
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- Eysenck order of personality
- how we react to emotional stress ---neurotic: stong, long term reaction to stress |
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The Limbic System
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- regulates neuroticism
- sympathetic system (activates in emergency, heart, repiration...) vs. parasympathetic system (counterbalance - brings body to normal when threat ends) |
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Criticism of Psychological Positivism
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- ignores social factors
- therapy or rehabilitation oriented - Case study (qualitative) bias |
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Psychoticism
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- Eysenck order of personality
- behavior outside definition such as psychotic disorders |
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Psychopathy
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The condition or set of traits related to being a psychopath
- mask of insanity - morally insane - undeveloped human emotions |
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Strain Theory
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- Crime is a direct result of lover class frustration and anger
- Anomie - Inequity: social worth measured in in goods and money as is survival |
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Anomie
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- disregard for law
- lack of norms - unclear norms - desire for pleasure and goals |
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Inequity
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goals: wealth, success, power
means: hard work, edu, modesty |
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Personality Adaptation
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- how poor, frustrated, angry ppl cope
- Merton 5 modes of personality adaption: adjustments ppl make to strain |
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Mertons 5 Modes of Personality Adaptation
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1) Conformist
2) Innovator 3) Ritualist 4) Retreatism 5) Rebel |
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Conformist
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* Merton Mode of Personality*
lawful accepts situation faithful failure |
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Innovator
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* Merton Mode of Personality*
seeks alternative modes |
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Ritualist
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*Merton Mode of Personality*
- useless activities, ceremonies, procedures - not successful in reaching end goal |
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Retreatism
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*Merton Mode of Personality*
Rejects means and goals Drug or alcohol usage Seeks escape |
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Rebel
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*Merton Mode of Personality*
Seeks to change society Change government rules Create subcultures and goals |
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Problems with Strain Theory
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- focus on material goods
- does not explain middle class crimes, violent crime, aging out of crime |
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General Strain Theory
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- Robert Agnew
- Strain is a result of a negative relationship - A person has opportunity but fails - fails to achieve moderate goals - While in "Failure mode" they are strained - lose something good and gain something bad - ability to cope is diminished and control of life is lessened |
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Causes of Strain
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- failure to reach goals
- expectations are compared to achievement - removal of positive stimuli and introduction negative stimuli - strain is persistent - coping skills are weak or inappropriate |
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Sykes and Matza
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- this theory shows some compromise that human behavior is a mix of outside forces and some free will
- excuses or rationalization for criminal behavior |
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Prof. Bakers Tequila Shooter Analagy
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Salt: the rationale, attitude or cause of criminality
Tequila: the criminal act Lime: The neutralizing agent (sweetens the tequila) |
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Neutralization Types
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1) Deny Responsibility: e.g. came from a bad home
2) Deny harm: e.g. im not stealing just borrowing 3) Deny Victim: e.g they can afford it 4) Condemn the Condemners: cops can beat ppl and not get in trouble...pigs 5) Appeal to higher Authority: e.g. were on a mission from God |
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Neutralizations
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- replace moral values and attitudes
- substitute norms or fits where norms dont exist - based on free will but rely on sociology to work (not all criminals rely on neutralizations but they are the basis for defense attorneys) |
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Differential Association Theory
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- Individuals become predisposed toward criminality because of an excess of contacts that advocate criminal behavior
- not a peer pressure theory - not "the company you keep" concept - theory explains how criminals lean and accept criminal values - Personality Influences ---Significant ppl (value of the relationship) ---imitation (the highest form of flattery) ---acceptance (being like them and them liking u) - 9 points |
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9 Points to Differential Theory
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1) Criminality is learned
2) Through interaction and communication with others 3)Learning occurs within intimate groups 4) Learning focuses on techniques, motives, attitudes, rationalizations 5) Legal code influences (based on the group) 6) Some legal codes favor crime (loop holes) 7) The learning process is the same for crime as for any other activity. 8) Criminals have different needs that explain their acts 9) The role of frequency, duration, intensity, and priority contribute to learning crime |
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Criticisms of Differential Theory
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-also applies to non-criminals
-transmission of values from non criminals -media influences |
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Critical Criminologist
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- racism, sexism
- unsafe work place, inadequate child care - poor housing, pollution, war -all of the above are true crimes that the government allows to exist - believe the purpose of law is not to maintain peace and tranquility but is to control the rights and actions of others, particularly the weak, poor, or underpriveliged - seek to explain and remedy crime caused by inequality and abuse of power |
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Labeling Theory
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- im not the person you think I am
- im not the person I think I am - im not the person I think you think i am |
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Labeling: The Societal Reaction Theory
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- how the criminal percieves the reaction of others
- what do others think about what ive done - the act is ok in the mind of the criminal - act is deviant in the opinion of others and therefore this is a "conflict theory" - criminality is not the fault of the criminal, societal reaction - a criminal act is defined by others so it makes it appear that being a criminal is not "my" fault |
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Lemerts Secondary Deviance
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- stigma
- discrediting mark - the label of criminal, bad kid, deviant, thief, pervert... - actor gives up and assumes role |
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Conflict Theory
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- they system often fails to treat as criminal the dangerous acts of a the wealthy and powerful
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Social Bond Theory
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- crime takes place when bonds to society are broken or weakened and therefore the purpose to conform is gone
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