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153 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What three things shape our (public) perceptions of crime?
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1) Media portrayals
2) Public perception 3) Political perspective |
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Chances of being victimized in a very serious way are very _______
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minimal
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Quick fixes are
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rapid passage of specific laws designed to address specific criminal behavior
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Crime commissions are
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politically appointed and legislatively mandated study groups to address complex, large scale crime problems
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Crime is
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a form of conduct, prohibited by society, in order to maintain social control
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Criminal law is
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a code or set of codes that categorizes all crimes and punishments by type
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Felony
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A serious crime that is punishable by incarceration for more than one year
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Misdemeanor
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Less serious crimes that are punishable by imprisonment for one year or less
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Criminalization
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The legislative decision to make a behavior a crime
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Decriminalization
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The legislative decision to remove criminal penalties and change a crime into a non-criminal act
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There is no actual criminal justice system, there are actually ______ different government organizations that deal with the management of crime and offenders
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55,000
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Criminal justice is defined as
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the management of police, courts, and corrections, and the study of the causes of and treatment for crime
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Due process
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The use of accuracy, fairness, and reliability in criminal procedure to protect individual rights in the US, fundamental goals are accuracy and fairness
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Norms
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Establish social expectations about appropriate behavior in different circumstances
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Deviance
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A violation of social norm or standard, not all acts of deviance are illegal, some illegal acts are not deviant
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Mala in se
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"Evil in itself", acts considered inherently evil which include murder, rape, robbery, larceny, and buglary
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Mala prohibita
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Acts that are illegal because they are prohibited by law. This includes victimless crimes, political crimes, an regulatory offenses
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Explanations for crime (four schools)
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1) Classical school
2) Positivism 3) Ethical view 4) Structural/conflict view |
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Four theoretical explanations for crime:
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1) Biological determinism
2)Sociological explanations 3) Rational choice explanations 4) Gender based explanations |
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Biological and psychological explanations for crime involve:
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1) Biological
2) Psychoanalytic 3) Cognitive |
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Sociological explanations for crime include:
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1) Learning theories
2) Blocked opportunity 3) Labeling theory 4) Social bond |
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Rational choice explanations for crime include:
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1) Rational choice theories
2) Routine activities theory |
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Two powerful factors for explaining criminal behavior are:
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1) guns
2) drugs |
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There are three general categories of crime:
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1) Crimes against persons
2) Crimes against property 3) Crimes against public order |
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Rates of criminal homicide have been ____ since 1990s
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declining
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Rape is
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sexual intercourse without effective consent
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Sexual assault is
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forced sex, vaginally, anally, or orally
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Statutory rape is
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non-forcible sexual intercourse with a minor
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Simple assault is
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a thrust against another person with the intent to injure that person
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Aggravated assault is
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a thrust against another person with the intent to cause serious bodily harm or death
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Robbery is
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theft from a person using threats or force
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Burglary is
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unlawful entry into a structure or dwelling in order to commit a crime while inside
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Larceny is
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the unlawful taking of property with the intent to deprive the owner, it is the most common serious crime
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Arson is
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the burning of property without lawful consent of the owner
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Crime rates are
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a better indicator of crime occurrence than raw numbers
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Uniform Crime Reports (UCR)
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An annual compilation of all crimes made known to the law enforcement since 1930
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National Crime and Victimization Survey
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An annual household survey of a representative sample of the people in the US, age 12 and older
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The following variables are used to describe both perpetrators and victims:
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1) Age
2) Gender 3) Race and Ethnicity |
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The older a person, the ____ likely that person is to be the victim of a violent crime
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less
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Younger people are victimized more often than old people because
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They are more active, they take fewer precautions, and visit more dangerous places at later hours
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Women are most frequently arrested for what?
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Larceny
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Whites account for ______% of all arrest
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70
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African Americans are most often the victims of _______ __________
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violent crime
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Hispanics are most often the victims of _________ __________
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property crimes
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_______ __________ have the lowest crime victimization rates in the US
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Asian Americans
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Profiles are developed to describe and understand certain crimes and characteristics of offenders and victims. The four types of profiling are:
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1) Crime profiling
2)Offender profiles 3) Victim profiles 4) Crime scene profiles |
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Profiles are used to develop ______ ______ and facilitate the identification and capture of crime suspects
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prevention strategies
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Criminal Law
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Formal rules designed to maintain social control, violations of criminal law are considered crimes against society
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Civil Law
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Formal rules that regulate disputes between private parties, concerned with issues of personal injury and compensation
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Substantive criminal law
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Defines prohibited behaviors, provides specific definitions for each prohibited behavior (e.g. rape, robbery, burglary)
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Procedural law
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Provides rules for adjucation of cases involving prohibited behaviors, designed to ensure fairness and accuracy at all stages of the process
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Constitutions
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A source of criminal law guidance, fundamental principles of a society that guide enactment and application of laws
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Statues
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Specific laws passed by legislatures
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Case law
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Judicial application and interpretation of law as it applies in a given case, Legal precedents are set through case law rulings or findings.
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Administrative regulations
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Rules applied to organizations that are designed to protect public safety and welfare
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Due process
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Legal protection included in the US Constitution that guarantees all citizens the right to be adjudicated under establish law and legal procedures
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The ____ and _____ amendments are the primary sources of guidance and interpretation of due process rights in the US
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5th and 14th
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Three elements of a crime must be articulated in any law making a behavior illegal. These elements are:
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1) Mens Rea
2) Actus Reus 3) Attendance circumstances (characteristics) |
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Mens Rea
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A conscious decision to commit a criminal act, also referred to as a "guilty mind"
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There are two key variables in the "state of mind" requirement of a crime. These variables are _______ and _______.
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Reasonableness and intention
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The defendant's behavior will be examined within the context of what a _______ ________ would do.
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Reasonable person
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The defendant's _____ will be examined, within the context of whether or not he or she _______ or purposely engaged in the act
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intent, knowingly
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Actus Reus
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The act, itself. The actual behavior must be committed, as defined by the law.
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Attendant circumstances or characteristics
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1) Sufficiency
2) Possession 3) Status 4) Voluntariness 5) Omission |
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There are three kinds of criminal defenses:
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1) Defenses related to mental illness
2) Defenses involving force 3) Defense involving justification or excuse |
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Insanity defense
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A plea that the offender was not in the right state of mind to understand the wrongful nature of their crime, first used in the case of Daniel M'Naghten (1843)
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Insanity pleas are raised in less than __% of cases that go to trial and of those trials, only __% to __% are successful
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2%, 2%, 5%
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Defenses involving force include three possible options:
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1) Self defense
2) Defense of others 3) Defense of property |
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Justification/excuse defense options include five possible options:
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1) Duress
2) Necessity 3) Mistake of Fact 4) Ignorance or Mistake of Law 5) Entrapment |
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Duress
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Defendant claims the act was done because of immediate threat of serious bodily harm by another person
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Necessity
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Defendant claims that the act was done because of overwhelming forces of nature (i.e.killing and eating another person to survive)
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Mistake of Fact
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Defendant claims act was done out of ignorance with no intent to commit harm
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Ignorance of Law
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Defendant claims that law was not widely known and that he or she could not have been expected to be aware of it
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Entrapment
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Defendant claims he or she was not predisposed to commit the crime and the intent originated with actions of government officials
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There are three main agencies of criminal justice:
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1) Law enforcement
2) Courts 3) Corrections |
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Procedural Law
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Specifics how people who are suspected, accused, and convicted of crimes will be treated, guided by the Bill of Rights (first 10 constitutional amendments)
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Probable cause
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A reasonable link between a specific person and a particular crime, given the totality of circumstances, the threshold required before police can arrest or engage in a search of an individual or an individual's property, provided for by 4th amendment
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Warrant
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A sworn statement by police that attests to probably cause, signed by judge, required for arrests, searches, or seizures
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Arrest
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Process of taking a suspect into custody for the purpose of prosecution, requires warrant
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After an arrest, the suspect is ____ and _______
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Booked, summoned
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Booking is
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An official record of the arrest
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A summons is
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A written notice to appear in court, also referred to as a citation
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Criminal court procedure has three steps
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1) Initial appearance
2) Preliminary hearing 3) Arraignment |
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Arraignment is
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A hearing where the defendant is informed of charges, accused must plead guilty or not guilty
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Grand Jury
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A group of citizens who hear evidence presented by a prosecutor to determine whether probable cause exists
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Indictment
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A formal accusation of crime based upon the vote of a grand jury, also called a "true bill"
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There are two types of trials:
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1) Bench trial
2) Jury trial |
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Bench trial
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A judge determines the guilt or innocence of the suspect
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Jury trial
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A jury determines the guilt or innocence of the suspect
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Standard of proof
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The standard of proof needed for determining guilt is the same during bench and jury trials, the judge or jury must determine guilt beyond a reasonable doubt
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Reasonable doubt does not mean
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100% certain, it means higher standard of certainty than probable cause
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Findings of a trial can end two possible ways:
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1) Acquittal
2) Conviction |
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Acquittal
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There is a finding of not guilty after trial
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Conviction
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There is a finding of guilty after trial
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Sentencing
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The judge decides the most appropriate sentence within limits of law
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Incarceration
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Segregates the offender from the rest of the community for the purposes of punishment and rehabilitation
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Probation
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Allows the offender to serve his/her sentence in the community
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Appeals
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Reviews of lower court decisions by higher courts to look for errors of law or procedure
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Appeals are called ____ and explain legal errors made during the trial
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Briefs
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Most appeals are ________
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unsuccessful
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A reversal of a conviction is called a ______
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mistrial
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Police observe behavior and make judgments regarding the _______ of behavior
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legality
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Both the ______ and supreme court _______ inform the role police have and the extent to which they can use their power.
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Constitution, cases
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Terry vs. Ohio
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Established the standard of "reasonable suspicion" for a "stop" by interpreting the 4th amendment, Defined "stop" vs. "arrest", Defined "frisk" vs. "search"
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Reasonable suspicion
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Police officer has good reasoning to believe that criminal activity may be occurring, permits brief investigative inquiry of subject, is lower threshold than probable cause
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Stop
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An interference with a person's liberty or freedom, based upon reasonable suspicion of illegal activity
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Arrest
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Taking a person into custody for the purpose of prosecution, based on probable cause
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Frisk
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The patting down of outer clothing of a suspect to rule out presence of a weapon, based on reasonable suspicion, designed to protect the officer
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Search
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Exploratory inspection of a person or property, requires a warrant based upon probable cause that a law violation has occurred
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Exclusionary rule
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Legal principle that requires illegally seized evidence to be excluded from trial
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Good Faith Exception
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Evidence seized with a defective warrant, not based upon probable cause, is admissible in court if police acted in good faith and the error was made by the judge
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Knock and Announce
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Even with search warrant, police must announce presence and provide resident opportunity to open door (Wilson vs. Arkansas, 1995)
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The only occasions when it is alright not to knock and announce are cases where the is the threat of _______ ________ or _________ _________.
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Physical violence, evidence destruction
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There can be lawful searches without a warrant. There are five occasions when this is appropriate:
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1) Searches incident to lawful arrest
2) Searches with lawful consent 3) Searches of evidence in plain view 4) Searches of automobiles and their contents 5) Searches of open fields and abandoned property |
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Seizure
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Government confiscation of a person's property through meaningful interference with a person's possession of that property, requires warrant based upon probable cause, property protected by the 4th amendment
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Police Interrogation
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Police have authority to interrogate a person, 5th amendment and supreme court rulings provide guidance on limits of official interrogations, must read the Miranda warning (rights)
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Four Exceptions to the Miranda Warnings
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1) Public safety exception
2) Suspect waives right to counsel 3) Probation officers are not required to give Miranda Warning to probationers 4)Roadside questioning during routine traffic stop is not "custodial interrogation" |
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Evolution of Policing (5 Steps)
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1) Mutual Pledge System
2) Constable 3) Shire Reeve 4) Watch and Ward System 5) New Police Bobbies |
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Social Disorder in England
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Result of the invention of gin (1700s), it was affordable and high in alcohol content
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England was in a state of social disorder and lawlessness, this resulted in the creation of what?
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The Bow Street Runners
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The New Police (1829)
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Founded by Sir Robert Peel, it was the first organized police department mainly preventive in nature, Brtish nickname "Bobbie" derives from the founder
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Professionalization of Policing in the US (3 main events)
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1) August Vollmer's contributions
2) Crime commissions 3) Law Enforcement Administration Agency |
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August Vollmer
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He was the Berkeley Chief of Police from 1905-1932, he supported the development of the polygraph for lie detection, fingerprint identification, firearm identification, toxicology, document examination
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Crime Commissions
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Focused on improving criminal justice system operations to reduce crime, made recommendations to increase efficiency, professionalism, and improve technology
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Law Enforcement Administration Agency
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Established in 1968, allocated money for crime control programs, allocated money for college education for police officers, allocated money for weapons for local police forces, abolished in 1980s
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Local Police
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581,000 full time employees, 80% are sworn officers
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State Police
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82,000 full time employees, 70% are sworn officers
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Federal Law Enforcement Agencies
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105,000 full-time law enforcement officers
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Local police duties include
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They enforce applicable state laws and local ordinances and laws, they investigate accidents and suspected crimes, 19,000 different agencies which include local police, sheriffs, university police, and special police agencies
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State police duties include
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Engaging primarily engaged in highway patrol activities, about half of all state police agencies have authority to conduct investigative work, every state, except Hawaii, has a state police force
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Federal law enforcement duties include
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Perform mostly investigative work, can only enforce laws enacted by Congress, major restructuring in 2002 under Homeland Security Act, 17 different agencies
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Transnational Law Enforcement
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Interpol, includes 177 member nations, supports law enforcement efforts of member agencies on transnational matters
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The US has over ______ law enforcement officers, from various different agencies, in countries all over the world
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2000
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Females comprise about ____% of all local police
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11%
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African Americans make up ____% of all local police
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12%
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Hispanic Ameriacns make up more than ___% of all local police
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9%
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The six characteristics of good service by police officers:
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1) Attentiveness
2) Reliability 3) Responsiveness 4) Competence 5) Manners 6) Fairness |
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Four concerns about policing in the US
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1) Multi-jurisdictional cooperation
2) Impact of technology 3) Impact of media 4) Growth of private policing |
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Campus Law Enforcement
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Most four year colleges and universities employ sworn officers with general arrest powers, most sworn officers are armed, 85% of campus law enforcement programs operate general crime prevention plans, violent crime victimization rates of college students has decreased over the past 10 years
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Racial profiling
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A stereotype about police, an alleged practice whereby police stop and search minorities for minor violations significantly more often than whites
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Socialization model
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The idea that personality and attitudes of officers are the product of learned behavior on the job
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Predispositional model
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The idea that personality and attitudes are product of individual values of each officer and is developed prior to entry into service
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Discretion
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Law enforcement officer's ability to choose between arrest and no arrest
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Selective enforcement
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An unwritten policy in which police do not have to fully enforce all laws as written
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Police Corruption
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Illegal acts or omissions of acts by police officers while on duty, includes nonfeasance, misfeasance, malfeasance
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Nonfeasance
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Failure to perform a legal duty
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Misfeasance
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Failure to perform a legal duty in a proper manner
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Malfeasance
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Commission of an illegal act by a police officer
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Deadly force
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The use of lethal force by police against a suspect
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Tennessee v. Garner (1985)
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Use of deadly force is subject to the 4th amendment, court ruled that use of deadly force on all felony subjects is only reasonable when there is a significant threat of physical harm to the officer or others
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Police brutality
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Use of excessive physical force by police while carrying out their duties
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Graham vs. Connor (1989)
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Police may be held liable under the 4th amendment when they use excessive force, established four facts for evaluating reasonableness of force
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Four factors for evaluating reasonableness for use of force:
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1) Immediacy of the threat
2) Severity of the threat 3) Whether suspect is resisting arrest 4) Whether suspect is attempting to escape custody |