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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
First Class Lever |
M --- F --- R Resistive and muscular forces act on opposite sides of the fulcrum equally |
Tricep pushdown |
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Fulcrum |
The pivot point of the lever |
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Lever arm |
A rigid body that exerts force on any object impeding it's ability to rotate. |
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Second Class Lever |
F --- R ----- M Muscle and resistive force act on the same side of the fulcrum. The muscle force acts through a moment arm longer than the one resistive force acts through |
Calf raises |
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Third class lever |
F --- M ----- R Muscle and resistive forces act on the same side of the fulcrum. The muscle's moment arm is shorter than which the resistive force acts. |
Most common. Bicep curl |
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Moment arm |
The perpendicular distance from the line of action of the force to the fulcrum. |
Force arm, lever arm, torque arm |
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Muscle force |
Force generated by biomechanical activity. Draws opposite ends of the muscle together |
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Resistive force |
Force generated by a source external of the body |
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Torque |
The degree to which force rotates an object about a specified fulcrum. |
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What muscular action produces the greatest amount of force? |
Eccentric |
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What form of training is most associated with increasing serum testosterone concentrations? |
Strength |
Strength, hypertrophy or aerobic? |
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What accumilates in the working muscles while near max effort? |
Hydrogen ions |
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At what percentage of weight loss due to dehydration may begin to affect performance? |
2% |
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Interval Training for phosphagen improvement |
Work (5 to 10 sec) to rest (2 to 3 min) ratio 1 to 12 - 20 |
90 - 100% effort |
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Interval training for fast glycolosis development |
Work (15 to 30 sec) to rest (1 or 2 min) ratio 1 to 3 - 5 |
75 to 90% effort |
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Interval training for fast glycolosis and oxidative development |
Work (1 to 3 min) to rest (3 to 9 min) ratio 1 to 3 - 4 |
30 to 75% effort |
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Interval training for oxidative development |
Work (>3 min) to rest (3 to 9 min) ratio 1 to 1 - 3 |
20 to 30% |
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How many ATP are produced from one glucose molecule? |
38 |
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How to determine (volume) load when programming? |
Multiplying weight used by reps done |
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Appropriate rest ratio for plyometric training |
Work (10 seconds) to rest (50 seconds) ratio 1 to 5 |
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Fundamental Movements of Sprinting |
Early Flight > Midflight > Late Flight > Early Support > Late Support |
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How is "Power" calculated? |
Work / Time |
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Where does gas exchange occur during respiration? |
Bronchioles |
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If calcium is not returned to the sacroplasmic reticulum, what occurs in the muscle? |
Fused tetany |
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For cross-bridge interactions during muscular contractions, what must calcium bind to? |
Troponin |
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What contributes most to shock absorption during running? |
Eccentric plantar flexion |
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First degree muscle strain |
Partial tear characterized by strong but painful muscle activity |
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Second degree muscle strain |
A partial tear with weak, painful muscle activity |
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Third degree muscle strain |
Complete tear of fibers and manifested by very weak, painless muscle activity |
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Macrotrauma |
A specific, sudden episode of overload injury to a given tissue |
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Microtrauma |
Result from repeated, abnormal stress applied to tissue by continuous training and/or too little recovery. Over use injury |
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Time range for an appropriate 40 yard dash |
4.2 to 5.1 seconds |
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Recommended carb intake ratio for endurance athletes |
8 to 10 g per kg of body weight |
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Recommended carb intake for power athletes |
5 to 6 g per kg of body weight |
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Recommended fiber intake |
Women - 20 to 29 g Men - 30 to 38 g |
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Recommended protein intake |
Minimum - 0.8 to 1 g per kg of body weight Athlete - 1.2 to 1.7 g per kg of body weight
Demands higher when on kcal restriction, especially w/ weight loss. Concerns over nitrogen breakdown in renal system |
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Calories per gram of macro nutrients |
Carb 4 kcal Pro 4 kcal Fat 9 kcal Alcohol 7 kcal |
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How is "Work" calculated? |
Force x Displacement |
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How is "Force" calculated? |
Mass x Acceleration |
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How to convert pounds of force to newtons |
Multiply by 4.448 |
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How to convert kilograms of force to newtons |
Multiply by 9.807 (Or local acceleration of gravity, if available) |
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Components of the adrenal gland |
The medulla (Center) and the cortex (Shell) |
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Purpose of the adrenal gland |
Hormonal response and release for the body. Hormones include: Glucocorticoids (cortisol) and catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine) |
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Relationship of glucocorticoids and exercise |
Largely focus on cortisol. Tied to catabolic affect of carbohydrate breakdown and glycogen storage in the muscle.
Overexposure may lead to excess atrophy. Controlled acute exposure however is tied to remodeling of muscle tissue |
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Relationship of catecholamines and exercise |
Primarily focus on epinephrine. Also includes norepinephrine and dopamine. Tied to increased metabolic enzyme activity, muscle contraction rate, blood pressure, energy availablilty, muscle blood flow (vasodilation) and secretion of hormones like testosterone |
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What is the Tanner classification?
How many stages are in it? |
Refers to the stage of biological development in a child.
There are 5 stages
1 - Immature, preadolescent stage
5 - Full sexual maturation |
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How to calculate work in Jules? |
Newtons x meters |
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What is the International System of Units (SI)? |
World wide standard of consistent units used when to gauge power/strength of athletes.
Time in seconds (s) Force in Newtons (N) Distance meters (m)
Work in Jules (J or N*m) Power in Watts (W or J/s) |
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Protein intake for endurance athletes |
1 to 1.6 g per kg of body weight |
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Protein intake for strength athletes |
1.4 to 1.7 g per kg of body weight |
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Protein intake for athlete on a reduced-calorie diet |
1.8 to 2.7 g per kg of body weight |
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