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29 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cognition |
all mental processes we use to transform sensory input into knowledge. Processes include attention, sensation, and perception. |
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priming |
a method usd to determine if one stimulus affects another |
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blind spot |
a spot with no sensory receptors |
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optical illusions |
preceptions that involve an apparent discrepancy between how an object looks, and what is actually is |
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Carpentered world theory |
most americans are used to seeing things that are rectangular in shape and unconsciously come to expect things to have squared corners |
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front horizntal foreshortening theory |
we interpret vertical lines as horizontal lines extending into the distance assumes that the way we see the world is shaped through experiences |
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symbolizing three dimensions in two |
people in western cultures focus more on representations on paper than do people in other cultures, and spend more time learning to interpret pictures |
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Mueller-Lyer illusion experiment |
black and white american children, and from zambia no difference between american children difference in US. and Zambia effects due to children living in a more carpentered environment |
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analytic perception |
context independent perceptual processes focuses on noticeable objects independently from context it is in individualistic |
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holistic perception |
context dependent, focus on relationships between objects and their context collectivist mostly nonwestern view of world |
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attention |
the focussing of our limited capacities of consciousness on a particular set of stimuli we process what we focus on more |
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field independence |
can separate objects from their background fields (analytic thinkers should do better) |
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field dependence |
tend to view objects as bound to their backgrounds |
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categorizing |
is universal the way people categorize is not sorting categories vary |
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serial position effect |
we remember things better if they are either the first (primacy effect) or last (recency effect) item in a list of things to remember primacy effect shown stronger in children who went to school |
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universal aspects of memory |
decrease as getting older hindsight bias (adjusting memory for something after they find out true outcome) |
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episodic memory |
recollection of specific events that took place at a particular time and place in the past |
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gender stratification hypothesis |
gender differences are related to cultural variations in opportunity structures for women |
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differences in logical thinking |
may have to be taught, can only be achieved through schooling |
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Dialectical thinking |
the tendency to accept what seem to be contradictions in thought or beliefs asian culture |
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positive logical determinism |
a tendency to see contradictions as mutually exclusive categories, as either-or, yes-no,... westerner |
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naive dialectivism |
the belief that the truth is always somewhere in the middle |
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counterfactual thinking |
hypothetical beliefs about the past that could have occurred in order to avoid or change negative outcome ex. if only I had studied harder classified into actions and inactions emotion of regret and causes of it are universal |
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social orientation hypothesis |
cultures differ in independent vs. dependent social orientation patterns |
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culture and time |
different cultures experience time differently long vs. short term orientation |
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culture and pain |
culture influences the experience of pain by the cultural construction of pain sensation, the signs of pain expression and structure of pains causes and cures and cultural display rules the less acceptable pain expression, the higheer the pain tolerance |
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culture and intelligence: nature |
differences in IQ scores between different societies and ethnic groups are mainly innate twin studies revealed scores of identical twins raised in different envrionments were significantly more alike in IQ than fraternal twins raised together argued that 40% of IQ is hereditary |
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stereotype threat |
the threat that other judgements or their own actions will negatively stereotype them in the domain
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collective intelligence |
the skulls and abilities necessary to effectively accomplish cultural goals |