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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
List the 6 rights:
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Rt pt
Rt dose Rt route Rt time Rt med ALLERGIES? Rt documentation |
7.3
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pharmacology
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The study of medications and their effects or actions on the body.
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7.3
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medication
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A drug that has been approved by the government agency that regulates pharmaceuticals for the purpose of curing or reducing the symptoms of an illness or medical condition or to assist in the diagnosis, treatment, or prevention of disease.
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7.5
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What government agency regulates pharmaceuticals in the US?
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FDA Food and Drug Administration
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7.5
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generic drug
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A drug that is not patented.
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7.36
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All medications are assign ___ names:
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4 names
chemical, generic, trade, and official |
7.5
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chemical name
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Describes the drug's chemical makeup-that is, its composition and molecular structure.
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7.5
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generic name
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A general name for a drug. Usually by the company that first made it. Generally derived from the chemical name but is shorter and simpler.
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7.5
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trade name
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Also known as brand name The unique name under which the original manufacturer registers the new drug with the FDA.
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7.5
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official name
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The name listed in the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) once the generic name has been approved by the US Adopted Name Council and the drug has been approved the the US FDA.
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7.37
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The drugs we use are derived from four principal sources:
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animal, vegetable, mineral, synthetic compounds
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7.5
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The Pure Food Act
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(1906) The first federal legislation in the US aimed at protecting the public from mislabeled, poisonous, or otherwise harmful foods, medications, and alcoholic beverages. Later replace in 1938 by The Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act which included several new provisions.
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7.6
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Drug Abuse Potential
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In 1970, Congress enacted the Controlled Substances Act requiring the drugs covered by the Controlled Substance Act to be categories.
Schedule I: Highest potential, in general completely outlawed. Schedule II: Very high potential. Schedule III: Lower potential than I and II, may lead to low or moderate physical dependence or high psychologic dependence. Schedule IV: Low potential and have limited dependence potential. Schedule V: Lowest potential. |
7.7
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The FDA responsibility
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Food and Drug Administration is charged with determining the safety and efficacy of drugs before they are allowed to enter the US market.
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7.8
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The DEA responsibility
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Drug Enforcement Agency is responsible for executing the provisions of the Controlled Substance Act, including the registration of physicians who are permitted to dispense controlled substances.
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7.8
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The Public Health Service regulates...
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biologic produces, medications made from living organisms such as antitoxins and vaccines.
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7.8
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The FTC monitors
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Federal Trade Commission monitors drug advertising and ensures that is not misleading or inappropriate.
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7.8
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afferent nerves
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Carry sensory impulses from all parts of the body to the brain.
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7.11
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efferent nerves
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Carry messages from the brain to the muscles and all other organs of the body.
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7.11
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What are the two divisions of the PNS?
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Somatic and ANS-automatic nervous system
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7.12
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ganglia
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Grouping of nerve cell bodies outside located in PNS.
ie. Bus station, relay station |
7.12
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What are the two subsystems of the ANS?
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sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
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7.12
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sympathetic nervous system
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The part of the ANS responsible for fight and flight response. Plays a key role in regulation of hypoglycemia, hypothermia, and trauma.
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7.12
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Actions of the sympathetic nervous system
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Increase HR
Increase BP Release of energy Increase blood flow to skeletal muscles and heart by diverting it from skin and other organs. Dilation of pupils Dilation of bronchioles |
7.12
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What is the net goal of the sympathetic stimulation?
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To provide the body with energy, oxygen, and the ability to react to stressful situations.
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7.12
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What is the primary chemical messengers of the sympathetic nervous system?
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norepinephrine and epinephrine
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7.12
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Epinephrine affect of the heart
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Activates a specific type of receptor in the heart known bete-1 adrenergic receptor. Epinephrine affects the heart by increasing the rate of contraction, the conduction velocity, and force of contraction in the ventricular muscle. The result: increased systemic HR and BP.
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7.12
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When you administer epinephrine the effect is referred to as what?
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Sympathomimetic response
Effects resembling those caused by stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system, such as the effects seen after an injection of epinephrine. |
7.13
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parasympathetic nervous system
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The part of the ANS that dominates during rest and relaxation, referred to as rest-and-digest system.
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7.13
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Neurotransmission
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The process of chemical signaling between cells.
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7.13
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Nicotinic Receptors
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Nicotinic receptors are present in many tissues including CNS and PNS. Effects are those of sympathetic overactivity and neuromuscular dysfunction and include tachycardia, hypertension, dilated pupils, muscle fasciculation (involuntary contractions or twitching of groups of muscle fibers), and muscle weakness.
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7.14
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Muscarinic Receptors
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Muscarinic receptors are found throught the body as subcomponents of the CNS and PNS. Effects result in parasympathetic overactivity and include bradycardia, miosis (pinpoint pupils), sweating, blurred vision, excessive lacrimation (tearing), excessive bronchial aecretions, wheezing, shortness of breath, coughing, vomiting, abdominal cramping, diarrhea, and urinary and fecal incontinence.
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7.14
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affinity
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The attraction between a medication and its receptors.
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7.14
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agonist
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A medication that stimulates a response in a receptor site.
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7.14
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List liquid drug forms
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Solution, suspension, fluid extract, tincture, spirits, syrup, elixir, milk, emulsion, and liniments.
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7.15
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solutions
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A liquid containing one or more chemical subtances entirely dissolved usually in water, ie NS. Majority of medications used by paramedics are solutions.
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7.15
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suspension
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Preparation of finely divided drug intended to be incorporated in a suitable liquid. Shake suspension thoroughly.
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7.15
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List solid drug forms
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Extract, powder, pill, capsule, pulvule (gell capsule), tablet, suppository, ointment, and patch.
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17.15
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Extract
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A concentrated preparation of a drug made by putting the drug into a solution and evaporating the excess solvent until the concentration reaches a prescribed standard.
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17.15
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Fastest to slowest med routes
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Intracardiac 15 seconds
IV 30 to 60 seconds IO 1 minute Endotracheal 2-3 minutes Inhaled 2-3 minutes Sublingual 3-5 minutes IM 10-20 minutes SC 15-30 minutes Rectal 5-30 minutes Oral 30-90 minutes Topical Hours to days |
7.16
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What are the three routes of administration?
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-Percutaneous-absorbed through the skin, includes SL, buccal, and pulmonary route.
-Enteral-Absorbed through GI tract. -Parenteral-Any other route other than skin, or GI tract, includes IV, IM, SC, |
7.16-17
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Pharmacokinetics
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The study of the metabolism and action of medications within the body, with particular emphasis on the time required for absorption duration of action, distribution in the body, and method of excretion.
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7.18
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Mechanisms of Medication Absorption
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A medication may cross the cell's membrane through active transport or passive diffusion. In active transport, specialized proteins that span to the membrane of a cell facilitate the movement of the medication inside target tissues and cells. In contrast, passive diffusion of a medication does not use energy or carrier, instead the medication moves from a area of high to an area of low concentration.
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7.19
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bioavailability
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How much of a drug is still active by the time it reaches its target organ.
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7.19
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medication distribution
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The process by which a medication moves throughout the body.
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7.19
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biotransformation
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The manner in which the body metabolizes medications.
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7.20
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Pharmacodynamics
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The way in which a medication produces the response we intended, also known as the mechanism of action. It also encompasses the factors that may alter the intended response and any side effects or unexpected effects.
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7.21
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Medications cause their action on the body by four mechanisms:
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-They may bind to a receptor site.
-They may change the physical properties of cells-typically, by changing the osmotic balance. -They may chemically combine with other chemicals. -They may alter a normal metabolic pathway. |
7.21
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Bonding to receptor sites may be...
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agonist, or antagonist. Agonist stimulate the receptor site to cause the response it normally does. Antagonist block the receptor site inhibiting the normal response. Some medications do both.
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7.21
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therapeutic index
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The ratio of a drug's lethal dose for 50% of population (LD50) to its effective dose for 50% of population (ED50). The medications margin of safety.
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7.21
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List factors affecting drug response
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Age, weight, sex, environment, time of administration, condition of the pt, genetic factors, and psychologic factors.
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7.22
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side effects
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Reactions that can manifest as signs or symptoms that are not what we wanted to happen but neverless are expected based on how the medication works.
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7.22
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iatrogenic response
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An adverse condition inadvertently induced in a pt by the treatment given. Ie. foley causing UTI.
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7.22
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idiosyncrasy
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Unique response to a medication that is specific to that person, and is not seen in other pts.
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7.22
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tachyphylaxis
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A condition in which the pt becomes rapidly tolerant to a medication.
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7.22
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summation effect
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An additive effect.
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7.23
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synergism
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When the pt receives two drugs that have the same effect but produces a response greater than the sum of their individual responses.
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7.23
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potentiation
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The interaction between two medications that can cause one drug to enhance another.
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7.23
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interference
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A direct biochemical interaction that takes place between two drugs.
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7.23
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Medications can be alter in storage by...
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extreme temperatures, exposure to direct sunlight, or excessive humidity.
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7.23
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In general medications should be store:
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Out of direct sunlight and in temperatures between 55 degrees F and 85 degrees F.
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7.23
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When drugs are distributed they must include what according the federal law?
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Drug profile, a document that contains all information pertaining to the medication pertaining to the medication including name, classification, mechanism of action, indications, pharmacokinetics, side and adverse effects, routes of administration, drug forms, doses, contraindications, and special considerations.
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7.23-24
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