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131 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
renal physiology |
1. unfiltered blood travels from renal artery into bowman's capsule 2. tubules where minerals, chemicals, sugars and nitrogenous waste are absorbed and excreted |
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ureter enters at the |
trigone of the bladder |
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detrusor muscle |
contracts the bladder |
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urine |
whatever doesn't go back into the bloodstream |
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blood volume passes through tubules |
200-300 times per day |
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unique in horse's urine |
1. excess amount of calcium carbonate 2. mucus |
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cloudy urine |
calcium carbonate |
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bubbly urine |
mucus |
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estrus mare urine |
increased mucus to prevent injury and infection during breeding |
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lubricates urethra to prevent stone formation of calcium carbonate |
mucus
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transverse fold |
sits over top of the entrance to the vagina |
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3 uterine layers |
1. serous 2. myometrium (muscular layer) 3. endometrium (mucous membrane) |
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eggs fertilized in the |
oviduct |
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uterine artery |
supplies blood to the uterus and fetus |
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light controls |
when mares are in heat |
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anestrus |
not cycling (winter) |
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pineal gland |
causes response to length of daylight in mares |
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how long is the estrus cycle? |
21 days |
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5 days after ovulation |
1. corpus hemorrhagicum clots and becomes the corpus luteum |
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luteal phase |
corpus luteum secretes progesterone |
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progesterone |
keeps uterus ready for fertilization and maintains pregnancy
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endometrium secretes |
prostaglandin |
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prostaglandin |
kills off the corpus luteus |
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causes follicles to grow again |
follicular stimulating hormone |
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follicular stimulating hormone is produced in the |
pituitary gland |
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estradiol |
in non-pregnant mares relaxes cervix and causes behavioural heat |
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estrogen sulfate |
in pregnant mares can show fetal viability after 70 days |
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embryo is fixed after |
14 days |
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gestation takes |
340 days |
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corpus luteum secretes progesterone until |
day 36 |
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stage 1 of labour |
1. the longest stage 2. 4 hours-multiple days 3. mare acts restless and colicky |
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stage 2 of labour |
1. from when chorioallantoic membrane ruptures to where foal touches ground 2. should be 15-20 minutes |
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stage 3 of labour |
1. the passage of fetal membranes 2. should occur within 30 minutes 3. after 3 hours it's considered retained |
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where sperm matures |
epididymis |
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passageway for mature sperm |
ductus deferens |
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spermatic cord contains |
1. testicular artery 2. pampiniform plexus 3. ductus deferens 4. nerves 5. cremaster muscle |
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regulates temperature in testicles |
pampiniform plexus |
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prepuce |
internal and external sheath |
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regions of the penis |
1. root 2. body/shaft 3. glans |
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compresses vein for erection |
ischiocavernosus muscle |
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draws penis into the sheath |
retractor penis muscle |
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thermoregulatory structures |
1. scrotum 2. pampiniform plexus 3. cremaster muscle |
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central nervous system comprised of |
1. brain 2. spinal cord 3. cranial nerves 4. retina |
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somatic nervous system |
conscious control |
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autonomic nervous system |
unconscious control |
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afferent |
sensory |
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efferent |
motor |
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fight or flight |
sympathetic |
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rest and digest |
parasympathetic |
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anatomy of a nerve |
1. classification 2. cell body 3. tubular process 4. types |
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tubular process |
conducts nerve impulses from the cell body |
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axons |
conduct nerve pulses away from the cell body |
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dendrites |
receptive surfaces of neuron communicates with other neurons |
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sensory |
afferent |
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motor |
efferent |
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motor impulses outward to muscle cells |
general somatic efferent |
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motor impulses outward to internal organs |
general visceral efferent |
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sensory impulses from muscle to brain and spinal cord |
general somatic afferent |
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sensory impulses from organs to brain and spinal cord |
general visceral afferent |
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balance and coordination |
cerebellum |
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responds to hours of light in a day |
pineal gland |
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links nervous system to the endocrine system |
hypothalmus |
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endocrine gland |
pituitary gland |
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cranial nerve 7 |
facial nerve |
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facial nerve sends |
motor impulses to muscles of facial expression |
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cranial nerve 10 |
vagus nerve |
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vagus nerve is responsible for |
parasympathetic to abdominal viscera |
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cranial nerve 1 |
olfactory (scent) |
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cranial nerve 2 |
optic (sight) |
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cranial nerve 3 |
oculomotor (motor to extraocular muscles) |
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cranial nerve 4 |
trochlear (motor to extraocular muscle) |
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cranial nerve 8 |
vestibulocochlear (sensory for hearing and balance) |
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cranial nerve 9 |
glossopharyngeal (motor to the pharynx) |
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cranial nerve 12 |
hypoglossal (motor to the tongue) |
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spinal regions |
1. cervical 2. thoracic 3. lumbar 4. sacral 5. caudal |
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filled with cerebral spinal fluid |
epidural space |
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sensory nerve root |
dorsal |
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motor nerve root |
ventral |
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membranes covering the brain and spinal cord |
meninges |
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dense and fibrous meninges |
dura mater |
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cushioning meninges for central nervous system |
arachnoid membrane |
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vascular meninges which nourish the brain |
pia mater |
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main site of cerebrospinal fluid production |
choroid plexus |
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blocks sensory to maxillary incisors |
infraorbital foramen |
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innervates mandibular cheek teeth |
mandibular foramen |
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blocks the eye nerve |
supraorbital foramen |
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innervates mandibular incisors |
mental foramen |
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damage from ear twitches affect the |
great auricular nerve |
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teeth that are not always present |
1. wolf teeth 2. canines |
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oldest tooth in horse's head and most likely to fracture |
1st molar |
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eruption time of 3.5 years |
1. 1st incisor 2. 2nd incisor 3. canine |
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eruption time of 3 years |
1. wolf teeth 2. 2nd premolar 3. 3rd premolar 4. 4th premolar 5. 3rd molar |
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eruption time of 2 years |
2nd molar |
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eruption time of 4.5 years |
3rd incisor |
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eruption time of 9-12 months |
1st molar |
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rectus muscles which pull the eyeball |
1. dorsal 2. ventral 3. lateral 4. medial |
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oblique muscles which rotate the eyeball |
1. dorsal 2. ventral |
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pulls the eye back into the head and surrounds the optic nerve |
retractor bulbi muscle |
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provides nourishment to the cornea |
lacrimal fluid |
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contains the optic disc |
retina |
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blind spot with no light sensitive cells |
optic disc |
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anterior and posterior chambers filled with |
aqueous humour |
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changes shape to focus |
the lens |
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hole in the iris that allows light penetration |
the iris |
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vascular tunic of the eye |
urea |
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urea consists of |
1. choroid (which contains the tapetum) 2. ciliary body 3. iris |
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makes eyes shine at night |
choroid |
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responsible for focusing the lens |
ciliary body |
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coloured portion of the eye |
iris |
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no blood vessels in the |
cornea |
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pupil dilation caused by |
sympathetic system |
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pupil constriction caused by |
parasympathetic system |
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major endocrine issues |
1. cushings 2. equine metabolic syndrome |
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endocrine system regulates |
1. mood 2. reproduction 3. growth 4. metabolism 5. tissue function |
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endocrine anatomy |
1. central nervous system 2. hypothalmus 3. anterior and posterior pituitary gland 4. cortex and medulla of adrenal gland 5. alpha and beta cells of pancreas |
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hypothalmus secretes |
corticotropin releasing hormone |
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anterior pituitary gland releases |
adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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posterior pituitary gland releases |
1. oxytocin 2. antidiuretic hormone |
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alpha cells |
produce glucagon |
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beta cells |
produce insulin |
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tell kidneys to decrease water loss in urine |
antidiuretic hormone |
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causes adrenal gland to produce cortisol |
adrenocorticotropic hormone |
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precursors to testosterone and estrogen |
androgens |
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increases glucose in blood |
glucagon |
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decreases glucose in blood |
insulin |
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increases renal sodium reabsorption and excretion of potassium |
mineralocorticoids |
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glucocorticoids (cortisol) |
1. released due to stress or decreased blood levels of cortisol 2. decreases the immune system 3. increases blood sugar levels 4. increases protein, fat and carbohydrate metabolism |
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controls adrenocortical function |
hypothalmus-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) |
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tumor on pituitary gland causes constant production of cortisol |
cushings |
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not producing enough cortisol |
septic foal |
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tells hypothalmus and pituitary gland to stop secreting |
negative feedback |