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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Who makes the distinction between attributive and predicative adjectives?
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P.T. Geach, "Good and Evil"
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In the phrase "a big flea," big is which type of adjective?
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attributive
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In the phrase, "the red shoes," red is which type of adjective?
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predicative
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Attributive adjective
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does not split up logically (ex: That is a fast snail does NOT = That is fast; That is a snail)
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Adjective that does not split up logically (ex: That is a fast snail does NOT = That is fast; That is a snail)
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Attributive
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Predicative adjective
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can split up logically (ex: The dress is silk DOES = Is a dress; Is silk)
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According to Geach, what kind of adjective is "good"?
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attributive- it is the function of the particular thing (there is a good for fish that is not a good for other things)
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Give and define Peter Geach's two types of adjectives in his "Good and Evil." Which kind of adjective is "good," according to Geach?
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Predicative: can split up logically
Attributive: cannot split up logically; the adjective is relative to the subject Geach says "good" is attributive because it depends on the subject |
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Who said, "good and bad are always attributive"?
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P.T. Geach, "Good and Evil"
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Who said, "whatever holds true of an A as such holds true of a good A"?
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P.T. Geach, "Good and Evil"
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What type of adjective is an alienans adjective?
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Attributive- changes the nature of the subject (a forged banknote is not a banknote)
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Who said, "Even when 'good' or 'bad' stands by itself as a predicate, and is thus grammatically predicative, some substantive has to be understood; there is no such thing as being just good or bad, there is only being a good or bad so-and-so"?
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P.T. Geach, "Good and Evil"
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Who said, "It is mere prejudice to think that either all things called 'good' must satisfy some one conclusion, or the term 'good' is hopelessly ambiguous"?
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P.T. Geach, "Good and Evil"
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Who discusses the Naturalistic Fallacy?
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P.T. Geach, "Good and Evil"
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Who said, "I conclude that objectivism is the only pretense way out of the Naturalistic Fallacy: it does not really give account of how the 'good' differs in its logic from other terms, but only darkens counsel by words without knowledge"?
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P.T. Geach, "Good and Evil"
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Who said, "The good for man is an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue."
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Aristotle
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Who said, "...so good must have commendatory not, descriptive force."
What does this mean? |
Geach
good describes worth, not qualities |
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"He who saves a fellow creature from drowining does what is morally right, whether his motive be duty or th hope of being paid for his trouble..."
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Mill
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It is impossible to think of anything at all in the world, or indeed even beyond it, that could be considered good without limitation except a good will."
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Kant
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"The will is thought as a capacity to determine itself to acting in coformity with the representation of certian laws. And such capacity can only be found in rational beings."
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Kant
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Utilitarianism
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actions are right in proportion as they promote happiness, worng as they tend to promote the reverse of happiness"
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What is happiness according to Mill?
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pleasure and the absence of pain
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Mill argues that ____ is the sole basis of morality, and that people never desire anything but [it].
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happiness
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Who seeks to find "the criterion of right and wrong"?
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Mill
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What does Mill see as the only desirable ends?
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pleasure and freedom from pain
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Who sees pleasure and freedom from pain as the only desirable ends?
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Mill
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What is the Greatest Happiness principle?
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"Actions are right in proportion as they promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happinessis intended pleasure and absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain and the privation of pleasure."
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What is this called? Who established this? "Actions are right in proportion as they promote happiness; wrong as they tend to produce the reverse of happiness. By happinessis intended pleasure and absence of pain; by unhappiness, pain and the privation of pleasure."
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Greatest Happiness Principle; Mill
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Criticisms of Mill
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-It cannot account for the differences between higher and lower pleasures
-It is a godless theory -Virtue is more important than happiness |
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According to Mill, ________ is a sign that we are exercizing our higher facilities.
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happiness
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Mill says a person gets virtues in reference to_______
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consequences
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Mill says a person gets _______ in reference to consequences
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virtues
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Why does Mill argue Justice to be valuable?
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It is socially useful
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How does Mill differentiate between higher and lower pleasures?
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Mill delineates how to differentiate between higher- and lower-quality pleasures: A pleasure is of higher quality if people would choose it over a different pleasure even if it is accompanied by discomfort, and if they would not trade it for a greater amount of the other pleasure.
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Who? What does it mean?
"It is better to be a human being dissatisfied than a pig satisfied; better to be Socrates dissatisfied than a fool satisfied. And if the fool, or the pig, are of a different opinions, it is because they only know their side of the question." |
Mill
the people best qualified to judge a pleasure's quality are people who have experienced both the higher and the lower; humans will always choose highest pleasures |
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Does the utilitarian standard refer to the individual or society
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society
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How does Mill refute the claim that Utilitarianism is a Godless theory?
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God is a utilitarian
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According to Mill the goodness of sacrifie is based on the goodness of________.
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result
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What does Mill find to be the greatest sources of unhappiness?
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selfishness and a lack of mental cultivation
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Is Utilitarianism concerned with motives or results?
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results
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Which sanctions are more powerful, internal or external?
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internal
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According to Mill, what is the only proof that something is desirable?
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that people actually desire it
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If you can tell a lie and more people are positively affected, do it
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Mill
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According to Mill, why am I bound to promote general happiness?
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- the improvment of education
(we're teaching you to believe that way) -we will sanction you(external) -internal sanction- you will feel pleasure at maximizing pleasure for others |
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Why does Mill consider God to be Utiltarian?
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He is concerned with the greatest happiness of society
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(Mill) If a law is just, but has negative consequences...
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change the law
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(Mill)In response to the criticism that the most virtuous people have been martyrs who gave up their happiness,
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that martyrdom is only valuable because they sacrificed their own happiness for the general good.
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Which of the following actions would Mill judge as morally the best?
(A) Saving a person from drowning out of a sense of moral duty. (B) Saving a person from drowning out of a desire for celebrity. (C) Saving a person from drowning out of a desire for reward money. (D) All three actions are equally good. |
(D) All three actions are equally good.
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If a person would have to lie in order to save somebody's life, Mill would argue that
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she should lie, because the utility of saving a life outweighs the claims of justice's.
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Which of the following does Mill say is a common meaning of the term justice?
(A) Receiving what one deserves. (B) Not violating agreements. (C) Not showing preferences inappropriately. (D) All of the above. |
(D) All of the above.
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Mill argues that the foundation of rights is
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utility
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According to Kant, when are actions moral?
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actions are moral if and only if they are undertaken for the sake of morality alone (without any ulterior motive).
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According to Kant, is morality based on motives or consequences?
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motives
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According to Kant, actions are morak only if not in respect to...
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the moral law
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Moral philosophy; the study of how things ought to happen
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ethics
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a priori
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(pure) concepts that occur to us independent of any experience or perception (at first glance)
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a posteriori
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(empirical) ideas we derive from our experience in the world (after investigation)
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analytic proposition
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the subject contains the predicate
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synthetic proposition
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the predicate requires information outside of the subject
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type of proposition: All bachelors are male
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analytic a priori
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type of proposition: A triangle is a 3-sided figure
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analytic a priori
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type of proposition: The bus driver has a beard
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synthetic a posteriori
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According to Kant, what is the one thing that is unambiguously good?
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a good will (all other things can be used for bad purposes)
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(Kant) what is a maxim
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motivating principle
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According to Kant, duties are
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specific obligation of a good will
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Kant's 3 formulations of the categorical imperative
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- Do only what you would will to be a universal law
-Treat all humans as ends -Consider yourself as a citizen in the kingdom of ends |
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First formulation of the categorical imperative
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act in a way that we should want the maxim of our action to become a universal law
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What does the first categorical imperative say about false promises?
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If everyone gave false promises, promises would not exist
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kingdom of ends
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a legal community in which all rational beings are at once the makers and subjects of all laws.
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In heteronomy, how is the will determined?
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By something outside ourselves
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In autonomy, how is the will determined?
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When we follow the categorical imperative and chose maxims that could be universal laws, we are in a state of "autonomy"; we use reason to determine our own law for ourselves. In other words, we are free.
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Who: Thus freedom of the will may be neither proven nor disproven. All that we may know is that we have a concept of freedom of the will, and that morality may be based on this concept.
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Kant
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the study of how things happen in the world of material objects.
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Physics
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the study of how things ought to happen in the world of human beings.
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Ethics
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the study of pure thought, independent of any objects.
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Logic
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Who: Actions are not truly moral if they only appear to conform to moral law but lack a moral motivation.
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Kant
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Reason's function according to Kant
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to bring about a will that is good in itself, as opposed to good for some particular purpose, such as the attainment of happiness.
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Hypothetical imperatives
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command that a particular action is necessary as a means to some purpose, such as the attainment of personal happiness
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Categorical imperatives
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command that some action is necessary in and of itself
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Hypothetical or Categorical: If you want to stop global warming, change your light bulbs.
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Hypothetical ('if you want') done for an end other than duty
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4 examples of how common notions of duty conform to the categorical imperative
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1. suicide
2. borrowing on false promises 3. talents rusting 4. deny welfare, assistance to people |
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Why must pure moral principles be grasped a priori?
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We cannot base moral principles on experience bc we have not seen or experienced everything
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3 formulations of the principle of morality/ categorical imperative
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1. act such that your maxim could become a universal law
2. act such that all rational beings are ends in themselves 3. act such that your maxim could be a law in the kingdom of ends |
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independent will
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autonomy
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will depending on external factors
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heteronomy
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Perfect Duties
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always contradict; ex: lying, borrowing on false promises, theft, suicide
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Imperfect Duties
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require practical judgement; ex: laziness, charity
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