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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Reptiles
-transporting |
Depends on size and spp.
-ventilated burlap or cotton bag (pillow case) -large plastic box or garbage can with air holes -plastic box with a water level that covers the animals feet (semi-aquatic) -dechlorinated water to cover the animal (aquatic) Keep old bedding for fecal and urine tests -reptiles aren't defecating daily like cats and dogs |
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How does evaluation of the patient start?
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-observation
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Very basic of physical exam
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-handling
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Ways to handle properly
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-turtles can bite (hold butt)
-snakes can bite (control head) -can control lizards with Vaso-vagal effect -tail autonomy of lizards |
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Physical exam
-basic approach |
-by body system
or -tip of the head to tip of the tail *pick one method and stick with it |
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Vital signs to measure
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-pulse/heart rate
-respiratory rate and efforts |
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What is an important objective parameter of the physical exam
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-weight
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Skin
-abnormalities that can be found on PE |
-lumps
-bumps -bruises -missing scales -ectoparasites |
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PE
-how to evaluate the head |
-palpate skull ---> deformities
-eyes ----> swelling, redness -ear ----> tympanum -nostrils ----> clear -mouth ----> teeth, mucous membranes, tongue |
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Stomatitis
-aka |
-mouth rot
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PE
-evaluation of the musculoskeletal system |
-palpation
-compare to contralateral -look for swelling/redness -limbs and joints ---->range or motion & strength -digital necrosis |
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PE
-uro-genital evaluation |
-stool evaluation
-vent (cloaca) -rectal exam -look for prolapses |
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PE
-sex determination |
Dimorphic spp
-femoral pores -dewlap -hemipene bulge -eye color Blunt probing for animals that don't show sexual dimorphism *there are medical conditions related to sex (ex: eggbound females) |
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Sex determination in tortoise
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-concavity in the male plastron for mounting females
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Blood samples
-evaluate what? |
-RBCs
-WBCs -Plasma enzymes -electrolytes |
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Blood sample collection
-safe amount to collect |
0.5-0.8% of body weight
* very small amount ---> hard to collect |
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Blood collection
-how to collect samples |
-use heparin over EDTA
*EDTA can cause hemolysis in some species (chelonians) |
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Blood collection
-problems |
-invasive
-associated pain (select method that causes least amount of pain) -risk of bacterial infection (aseptic technique) |
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How should blood samples be evaluated?
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-fresh blood smear
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Venipuncture in lizards
-locations |
-ventral coccygeal/tail v.
-jugular -cardiac ----> euthanasia |
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Venipuncture in snakes
-locations |
-cardiac
-ventral tail v. -Palatine |
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Cardiac venipuncture
-benefit |
-large blood volume provided
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Cardiac venipuncture
-heart location in snakes |
-cranial 1/3
-dorsal position |
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Cardiac venipuncture
-heart localization method |
-visual inspection or palpation
-doppler |
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Cardiac venipuncture
-equipment |
-22-25 gauge needle inserted under scale
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Venipuncture in Chelonians
-locations |
-Jugular v.
-Subcarapacial v. (lymph dilution) -Dorsal coccygeal v. (lymph dilution) -Brachial v. -Postoccipital venous plexus |
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Reptile injection sites
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-subcutaneous (SC)
-IM -IV -intracoelomic (ICe) Medication and Sedation -SC & IM (epaxial/cranial body) --> snakes and lizards -SC & IM (front legs) ---> lizards and chelonians |
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Reptile Fluid Support
-important questions |
-what fluids do I use? (type)
-how much do I give? (rate) -where do I give it? (route) |
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Fluid support
-normal range |
-20-30 ml/kg/day
***no universal rate for reptiles (approx. 1/3 mammalian rate) |
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Fluid support
-routes |
-Oral (PO)
-Subcutaneous (SC) -Intracoelomic (ICe) -Intraosseous (IO) -Intravenous (IV) |
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Oral fluid administration
-use |
-mild absorption
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Oral fluid administration
-benefits |
-physiological route of fluid absorption
-non-invasive -can stimulate GI motility |
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Oral fluid administration
-concerns |
-backflow----> aspiration in cold, debilitated animals
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Oral fluid administration
-how much |
2-3% of body weight
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Oral fluid administration
-how |
-esophageal/stomach tube
-syringe into mouth *careful to not have regurgitation and aspiration |
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Subcutaneous fluid administration
-why rarely used |
-limited subcutaneous space
-poor vascularization -highly variable absorption rates |
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Subcutaneous fluid administration
-indications |
-possibly ok for mild dehydration
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Subcutaneous fluid administration
-how to administer |
-lateral body wall
-chelonians = brachial or inguinal |
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Subcutaneous fluid administration
-caution |
-beware of high skin tension (chameleons) and fragile skin (geckos)
***check the bubble |
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Intracoelomic fluids
-use |
-moderate dehydration
-avoids pressure necrosis from SC administration |
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Intracoelomic fluids
-reason for good efficacy |
-coelomic membrane & serosal surfaces are highly absorptive
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Intracoelomic fluids
-problem |
-No diaphragm
-can flood in and compress the lungs/air sacs |
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Intraosseous fluids
-use |
-severe dehydration
-debilitated reptile |
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Intraosseous fluids
-location for administration |
-distal femur (lizards)
-proximal tibia (lizards & chelonians) |
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Intraosseous fluids
-negatives |
-highly invasive
-traumatic *beware of MBD |
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Most effective route of hydration
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-Intravenous
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Intravenous fluids
-most useful for: |
-medications
-anesthesia |
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Intravenous fluids
-procedure |
-requires surgical cutdown
-suture in place |
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Intravenous fluids
-locations for placement |
-tail vein (lizards, no cutdown)
-jugular (all reptiles) -cephalic (lizards) |
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Common diagnostic procedures with reptiles
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-lung/tracheal wash
-endoscopy -biopsy -cytology -imaging |
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Shell rot
-common in what animals |
-aquatic app
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Shell rot
-ways to diagnose |
-skin smears
-scraping -swab -C/S |
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Reptile anesthesia
-reasons why dificult |
-missing data on species physiology and drugs
-diving reflex -poor control of the cardiovascular system (limited IV access) |
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Why is the diving reflex a problem in reptile anesthesia?
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-reptiles can hold their breath for long periods of time
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How to determine state of anesthesia in a reptile?
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-determine the patient's norms before anesthesia
-relaxation progresses from cranial to caudal, then recovery is in reverse -righting reflex -corneal reflex -tongue reflex |
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Early stages of anesthesia
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-righting reflex
-response to stimuli |
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What is important to provide reptiles who are under anesthesia?
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active respiration (no diaphragm)
-manual -respirator |
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Anesthetic monitoring
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-response to stimuli
-respiratory rate -heart rate: doppler, ECG, pulse oximeter |
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Anesthesia recovery
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-keep intubated and place on room air until spontaneous respirations occur and reflexes return
*Recovery can be slow *make sure the animal is put onto room air for recovery, because O2 will keep them asleep |